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碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯杆菌耐药机制及治疗策略研究进展(1)
http://www.100md.com 2019年12月25日 《中国现代医生》 2019年第36期
     [摘要] 肺炎克雷伯杆菌(Klebsiella pneumonia,KP)是临床常见致病菌之一,近年来随着碳青霉烯类抗生素应用的增加,碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯杆菌(Carbapenem-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae,CRKP)逐渐增多,并在世界范围内爆发流行,其呈多重耐药性,感染后病死率高,预后不良。CRKP耐药机制主要包括产碳青霉烯酶、产高水平的AmpC酶或超广谱β内酰胺酶(Extended-spectrum β-lactamases,ESBL)合并外膜孔蛋白(Outer membrane pore protein,Omp)缺失、外排泵、逃避补体识别和攻击等。CRKP的治疗手段局限,多为抗生素联合治疗,疗效欠佳。为改善患者预后,提高临床对CRKP的认识及诊治,本文就CRKP的耐药机制及治疗策略进行综述。

    [关键词] 肺炎克雷伯杆菌;碳青霉烯类耐药;耐药机制;治疗策略

    [中图分类号] R446.5 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2019)36-0163-06

    Research progress in resistant mechanism and treatment strategy of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

    LAI Ningyan1, 2 YU Yiming1, 2 DENG Zaichun1, 2

    1.Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; 2.Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China

    [Abstract] Klebsiella pneumonia (KP) is one of the most common clinical pathogens. In recent years, with the increasing application of carbapenems, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia (CRKP) gradually increases and has epidemic outbreaks in worldwide, with multiple resistances, high mortality after infection and poor prognosis. The resistant mechanisms of CRKP mainly include the production of carbapenemases, high-level AmpC enzyme or extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBL) combined with deletion, efflux pump, and evasion of recognition attack by complement of outer membrane pore protein (Omp). There are limited treatment methods for CRKP, which mostly is antibiotic combination therapy, with poor effect. In order to improve the prognosis of patients and enhance the clinical understanding and diagnosis and treatment of CRKP, the resistant mechanism and treatment strategy of CRKP are simply summarized in this paper.

    [Key words] Klebsiella pneumonia; Carbapenem-resistant; Resistant mechanism; Treatment strategy

    近年來,随着碳青霉烯类药物应用的增加,CRKP感染率及检出率逐年升高,在世界范围内爆发流行,因其多重耐药性曾被称为“超级细菌”,患者在感染后45 d内极易发生血流感染,病死率高达42.14%[1-2]。由于治疗手段受限,严重影响患者治疗效果及预后,因此控制肺炎克雷伯杆菌耐药情况成为亟待解决的问题。本文主要就CRKP的耐药机制及治疗策略进行综述,提高临床对CRKP的认识及诊治,改善患者预后。

    1 CRKP流行病学概况

    全球CRKP耐药率呈现出广泛差异,CRKP耐药率在印度最高约60%,在部分南美洲国家也超过15%,在东南亚国家虽然很低,但处于上升趋势,我国肺炎克雷伯杆菌中CRKP可能低于10%[3]。2017年世界卫生组织发布了一份目前世界流行病原体清单,其中碳青霉烯类及第三代头孢菌素耐药肠杆菌科细菌位列世界第三,其中最常见的即为肺炎克雷伯杆菌[4]。据2017年CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测显示,我国肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别从2005年的3.0%、2.9%上升到2017年的20.9%、24.0%,耐药率上升幅度高达8倍[5]。在Marcos López-Dosil等[6]的研究中分析了位于马德里的两家医院2013~2014年检测到的197株耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌(Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae,CRE),其中最常见的为CRKP(87.8%),OXA-48是最常见的碳青霉烯酶(91.9%)。在Asmir Ald?觩i A等[7]所研究的9种革兰阴性多重耐药菌中,感染分离率最高的菌株为产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌,为23.18%。在美国每年有9000例与卫生保健相关的耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌感染,导致约600人死亡,死亡率高达6.6%[8],其中以CRKP最为常见。综上,CRKP在全球流行,且其耐药率呈上升趋势,是应引起重视的重大公共安全问题。, 百拇医药(赖宁燕 虞亦鸣 邓在春)
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