内外合治小儿间质性肺炎临证撷菁(1)
〔摘要〕 小儿间质性肺炎是儿科少见的呼吸系统疾病,归属中医肺炎喘嗽范畴,病因责之于外邪入侵、内脏虚损,病机以肺气郁闭为核心,临床可见痰热闭肺、痰热壅肺、肺脾气虚等证型。谢静副教授临床上基于内外合治,内以分期辨证论治,外取“简、便、廉、验”之功,发挥中医药优势,对小儿间质性肺炎进行有效防治。
〔关键词〕 小儿间质性肺炎;肺炎喘嗽;内外合治;痰热闭肺;痰热壅肺;肺脾气虚
〔Abstract〕 Infantile interstitial pneumonia is a rare respiratory disease in pediatrics. It belongs to the category of wheezing pneumonia in traditional Chinese medicine. Its etiology is due to invasion of exogenous pathogens and visceral deficiency. Its pathogenesis is mainly due to depressive block of lung Qi. Clinical manifestations include phlegm-heat obstructing the lung, phlegm-heat congesting lung, Qi deficiency of the lung and spleen and other syndromes. Professor XIE Jing, based on the combination of internal and external treatment, embodies the thinking of syndrome differentiation and treatment by stages for internal treatment, and takes the characteristic of "simplicity, convenience, cheapness and effectiveness" for the external treatment to give full play to the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine, and effectively prevents and treats infantile interstitial pneumonia.
〔Keywords〕 infantile interstitial pneumonia; pneumonia asthma cough; internal and external treatment; phlegm heat blocking the lung; phlegm-heat congesting lung; Qi deficiency of the lung and spleen
小兒间质性肺炎在近年来发病率偏高[1],且病症易反复[2],多由呼吸道合胞病毒和衣原体感染引起,也可继发于麻疹、百日咳或流行性感冒等急性传染疾病[3]。临床上除原发疾病症状外,常同时出现气急、发绀、咳嗽,但体征较少[4]。CT影像表现为:支气管血管束增粗,呈不规则改变,并伴有磨玻璃样影,代表支气管周围间质内炎性浸润,并伴有肺泡内炎性浸润及少量渗出,较重者可伴有小叶性实变,表现为小斑片状阴影,肺门及纵隔淋巴结可有增大[5-7]。儿童间质性肺炎具有发病急、病变快的特点,且多发于婴幼儿,若治疗不当,可能导致长期反复的喘息,损害其肺功能,对生长发育造成影响[8]。本病属中医肺炎喘嗽范畴,中医药在改善症状,平喘化痰方面有着相对明显的优势。
谢静副教授从事中医儿科临床工作10余年,先后师从儿科名医王孟清教授、国家级名中医马融教授、俞景茂教授,在中医药防治小儿肺系病、脾胃病、心肝系疾病等方面积累了较丰富的经验;尤其擅长中医药防治小儿咳喘,笔者跟诊期间每见咳喘患儿西药难以全效,经导师辨证施治后往往能快速改善症状,并减少复发。现将其内外合治小儿间质性肺炎的临床经验介绍如下。
1 病因病机
肺炎喘嗽的病名首见于清·谢玉琼《麻科活人全书·气促发喘鼻煽胸高第五十一》,为麻疹病程中出现气促发喘鼻煽胸高变证的命名[9]。临床以气喘、咳嗽、咳痰痰鸣、发热为主症。主要病位在肺,痰热是其病理产物,总的病机为肺气郁闭,有外邪闭肺、痰热蕴肺、肺脾气虚等不同阶段。《素问·痹论篇》记载:“淫气喘息,痹聚在肺。”《诸病源候论·上气鸣息候》中认为:“肺主于气,邪乘于肺则肺胀,胀则肺管不利,不利则气道涩,故气上喘逆,鸣息不通。”
2 分期辨证论治
2.1 急性期
因气温骤变,感受外邪,或因外感其他热病(如麻疹、顿咳)后邪气闭肺,郁而宣降功能失常;辨证论治分寒热,因风邪挟寒热不同,而有热闭、寒闭之分,热闭又分风热闭肺、痰热闭肺,寒闭又分风寒闭肺、寒痰闭肺。由于小儿“阳常有余,阴常不足” “阳胜则热”,清·叶天士《临证指南医案·幼科要略》言:“小儿热病最多者,以体属纯阳,六气着人,气血皆化为热。”故临床证候以热闭为多,此期当开肺散邪、降气平喘。以《证治汇补·哮病》五虎汤加减:蜜麻黄、燀苦杏仁、细辛、桑白皮、炙甘草、生石膏、生姜,热象明显加黄芩清泻肺热,痰多加陈皮、矮地茶祛湿化痰。
2.2 痰壅期
因热灼津液成痰,胶结壅阻于肺;或因素体不足,难以温化津液,凝结成痰,阻塞肺气。此期喘息、呼吸困难等症状改善后,继则出现以痰壅为主的临床表现:喉中有痰,时咳,或偶咳,或咳略重,体征以痰鸣音为主,肺部哮鸣音消失。此期病机特点以痰实为主,同时有闭、瘀、虚存在,故治疗上以化痰开闭为主,兼以散瘀扶正。常用清金化痰汤加减:黄芩、栀子、桔梗、麦门冬、浙贝母、橘红、茯苓、桑白皮、知母、瓜蒌仁、炙甘草。痰瘀明显加桃仁等活血化瘀,减轻气道阻塞[10]。, http://www.100md.com(曾洁 邓羿駃 谢静 李英)
〔关键词〕 小儿间质性肺炎;肺炎喘嗽;内外合治;痰热闭肺;痰热壅肺;肺脾气虚
〔Abstract〕 Infantile interstitial pneumonia is a rare respiratory disease in pediatrics. It belongs to the category of wheezing pneumonia in traditional Chinese medicine. Its etiology is due to invasion of exogenous pathogens and visceral deficiency. Its pathogenesis is mainly due to depressive block of lung Qi. Clinical manifestations include phlegm-heat obstructing the lung, phlegm-heat congesting lung, Qi deficiency of the lung and spleen and other syndromes. Professor XIE Jing, based on the combination of internal and external treatment, embodies the thinking of syndrome differentiation and treatment by stages for internal treatment, and takes the characteristic of "simplicity, convenience, cheapness and effectiveness" for the external treatment to give full play to the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine, and effectively prevents and treats infantile interstitial pneumonia.
〔Keywords〕 infantile interstitial pneumonia; pneumonia asthma cough; internal and external treatment; phlegm heat blocking the lung; phlegm-heat congesting lung; Qi deficiency of the lung and spleen
小兒间质性肺炎在近年来发病率偏高[1],且病症易反复[2],多由呼吸道合胞病毒和衣原体感染引起,也可继发于麻疹、百日咳或流行性感冒等急性传染疾病[3]。临床上除原发疾病症状外,常同时出现气急、发绀、咳嗽,但体征较少[4]。CT影像表现为:支气管血管束增粗,呈不规则改变,并伴有磨玻璃样影,代表支气管周围间质内炎性浸润,并伴有肺泡内炎性浸润及少量渗出,较重者可伴有小叶性实变,表现为小斑片状阴影,肺门及纵隔淋巴结可有增大[5-7]。儿童间质性肺炎具有发病急、病变快的特点,且多发于婴幼儿,若治疗不当,可能导致长期反复的喘息,损害其肺功能,对生长发育造成影响[8]。本病属中医肺炎喘嗽范畴,中医药在改善症状,平喘化痰方面有着相对明显的优势。
谢静副教授从事中医儿科临床工作10余年,先后师从儿科名医王孟清教授、国家级名中医马融教授、俞景茂教授,在中医药防治小儿肺系病、脾胃病、心肝系疾病等方面积累了较丰富的经验;尤其擅长中医药防治小儿咳喘,笔者跟诊期间每见咳喘患儿西药难以全效,经导师辨证施治后往往能快速改善症状,并减少复发。现将其内外合治小儿间质性肺炎的临床经验介绍如下。
1 病因病机
肺炎喘嗽的病名首见于清·谢玉琼《麻科活人全书·气促发喘鼻煽胸高第五十一》,为麻疹病程中出现气促发喘鼻煽胸高变证的命名[9]。临床以气喘、咳嗽、咳痰痰鸣、发热为主症。主要病位在肺,痰热是其病理产物,总的病机为肺气郁闭,有外邪闭肺、痰热蕴肺、肺脾气虚等不同阶段。《素问·痹论篇》记载:“淫气喘息,痹聚在肺。”《诸病源候论·上气鸣息候》中认为:“肺主于气,邪乘于肺则肺胀,胀则肺管不利,不利则气道涩,故气上喘逆,鸣息不通。”
2 分期辨证论治
2.1 急性期
因气温骤变,感受外邪,或因外感其他热病(如麻疹、顿咳)后邪气闭肺,郁而宣降功能失常;辨证论治分寒热,因风邪挟寒热不同,而有热闭、寒闭之分,热闭又分风热闭肺、痰热闭肺,寒闭又分风寒闭肺、寒痰闭肺。由于小儿“阳常有余,阴常不足” “阳胜则热”,清·叶天士《临证指南医案·幼科要略》言:“小儿热病最多者,以体属纯阳,六气着人,气血皆化为热。”故临床证候以热闭为多,此期当开肺散邪、降气平喘。以《证治汇补·哮病》五虎汤加减:蜜麻黄、燀苦杏仁、细辛、桑白皮、炙甘草、生石膏、生姜,热象明显加黄芩清泻肺热,痰多加陈皮、矮地茶祛湿化痰。
2.2 痰壅期
因热灼津液成痰,胶结壅阻于肺;或因素体不足,难以温化津液,凝结成痰,阻塞肺气。此期喘息、呼吸困难等症状改善后,继则出现以痰壅为主的临床表现:喉中有痰,时咳,或偶咳,或咳略重,体征以痰鸣音为主,肺部哮鸣音消失。此期病机特点以痰实为主,同时有闭、瘀、虚存在,故治疗上以化痰开闭为主,兼以散瘀扶正。常用清金化痰汤加减:黄芩、栀子、桔梗、麦门冬、浙贝母、橘红、茯苓、桑白皮、知母、瓜蒌仁、炙甘草。痰瘀明显加桃仁等活血化瘀,减轻气道阻塞[10]。, http://www.100md.com(曾洁 邓羿駃 谢静 李英)
参见:首页 > 医疗版 > 疾病专题 > 呼吸内科 > 肺炎