阿加曲班联合阿替普酶治疗缺血性脑卒中的研究进展(1)
[摘要]脑卒中是神经科的主要疾病,在我国疾病死亡原因中占首位。该病起病急骤,可致患者躯体功能障碍、降低生活质量,给个人、家庭和社会带来沉重的负担。其中,缺血性脑卒中有效的治疗方法为时间窗内静脉溶栓,快速恢复血流以抢救缺血半暗带,但有效性欠佳,且个体差异较大。阿加曲班为直接凝血酶抑制剂,高选择性地与凝血酶催化位点结合,发挥抑制效应;而阿替普酶能够显著上调纤溶系统活性,快速有效消除栓子及促进梗死血管再通。通过查阅国内外相关文献,发现阿加曲班联合联合阿替普酶可提高缺血性脑卒中的治疗效果,且不增加死亡率及症状性颅内出血的风险。本文以阿加曲班联合阿替普酶治疗缺血性脑卒中的效果作一综述。
[关键词]阿加曲班;阿替普酶;缺血性脑卒中;静脉溶栓
[中图分类号] R743 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2019)5(a)-0034-03
[Abstract] Stroke is the main disease in neurology, and it is the first cause of death in our country, which starts quickly, and can cause physical dysfunction, reduce quality of life, and put a heavy burden on individuals, families and society. Among them, the effective treatment of ischemic stroke is intravenous thrombolysis in the time window, rapid recovery of blood flow to rescue the ischemic penumbra, but the effectiveness is not good, and the individual differences are large. Argatroban is a direct thrombin inhibitor that binds to the catalytic site of thrombin with high selectivity and exerts an inhibitory effect. Alteplase can significantly up-regulate the activity of fibrinolytic system, quickly and effectively eliminate emboli and promote infarcted blood vessels recanalization. By researching relevant literatures at home and abroad, it is found that Argatroban combined with Alteplase can improve the therapeutic effect of ischemic stroke without increasing the risk of mortality and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. This article reviews the effect of Argatroban combined with Alteplase in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
[Key words] Argatroban; Alteplase; Ischemic stroke; Intravenous thrombolysis
脑卒中在我国疾病死亡原因中占首位,占死亡总数的22.45%[1],具有发病率高、死亡率高及致残率高的特点[2]。其中,缺血性脑卒中(ischemic stroke)为最常见的类型,约占我国卒中的69.60%[3]。我國一项60万人群脑血管病流行病学抽样调查的报告显示,脑卒中的患病率为1287.3/10万,推算我国卒中患者约为1100万[4],而全球,每年新发卒中患者约1600万[5]。缺血性脑卒中有效的治疗方法是静脉溶栓,但也只有1/3的患者在3个月内能完全缓解,少于60%的患者只能部分再通[6],发生再次梗塞的概率约为15%,且对多数大栓子无效[7]。国内常用的溶栓药物是阿替普酶(rt-PA)和尿激酶,2018中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南中指出,在发病4.5 h内,主要选择rt-PA,6 h内选择尿激酶[8]。研究显示,6 h内rt-PA与尿激酶治疗急性缺血性脑卒中,其有效性和安全性相当[9]。有研究提示阿加曲班联合rt-PA可提高缺血性脑卒中的治疗效果,且安全性相当。
1药理学特性
1.1 rt-PA
rt-PA是我国最有效、可行性高且应用最广泛的溶栓药物,对纤维蛋白具有特异亲和力,可定向作用于血栓部位,选择性地与血栓表面的纤维蛋白及纤溶酶原结合,促进纤溶酶原活化为纤溶酶,在纤溶酶的作用下打断纤维蛋白网,促进血栓崩解,起到血管再通和促进血流的作用。该药半衰期(7~8 min)短,对血浆游离纤溶酶影响较小,一般不会引起全身纤溶,出血副作用也较少[10-12]。
1.2阿加曲班
①阿加曲班是一种新型的直接凝血酶抑制剂,对凝血酶有高度亲和性,活性较强,能快速可逆地与凝血酶催化位点结合;②可与血液中溶解状态及结合状态的凝血酶结合,抑制凝血酶活性,提高纤溶效果,降解纤维蛋白及溶解血栓;③分子量小(527),易通过血脑屏障,进入血栓内部,灭活已与纤维蛋白结合的凝血酶;④调节内皮细胞功能,下调导致炎症和血栓的各种细胞因子;⑤抑制血管收缩,减少微血栓形成,预防远端小血管堵塞,改善侧支循环;⑥半衰期短(数分钟),停药后部分凝血活酶时间(aPTT)和激活全血凝固时间(ACT)恢复时间短,可有效控制药物抗凝水平;⑦有良好的剂量耐受性,在相当宽的剂量范围内无出血等不良反应[13-14]。, 百拇医药(陈丹 罗志伟 苏捷华)
[关键词]阿加曲班;阿替普酶;缺血性脑卒中;静脉溶栓
[中图分类号] R743 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2019)5(a)-0034-03
[Abstract] Stroke is the main disease in neurology, and it is the first cause of death in our country, which starts quickly, and can cause physical dysfunction, reduce quality of life, and put a heavy burden on individuals, families and society. Among them, the effective treatment of ischemic stroke is intravenous thrombolysis in the time window, rapid recovery of blood flow to rescue the ischemic penumbra, but the effectiveness is not good, and the individual differences are large. Argatroban is a direct thrombin inhibitor that binds to the catalytic site of thrombin with high selectivity and exerts an inhibitory effect. Alteplase can significantly up-regulate the activity of fibrinolytic system, quickly and effectively eliminate emboli and promote infarcted blood vessels recanalization. By researching relevant literatures at home and abroad, it is found that Argatroban combined with Alteplase can improve the therapeutic effect of ischemic stroke without increasing the risk of mortality and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. This article reviews the effect of Argatroban combined with Alteplase in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
[Key words] Argatroban; Alteplase; Ischemic stroke; Intravenous thrombolysis
脑卒中在我国疾病死亡原因中占首位,占死亡总数的22.45%[1],具有发病率高、死亡率高及致残率高的特点[2]。其中,缺血性脑卒中(ischemic stroke)为最常见的类型,约占我国卒中的69.60%[3]。我國一项60万人群脑血管病流行病学抽样调查的报告显示,脑卒中的患病率为1287.3/10万,推算我国卒中患者约为1100万[4],而全球,每年新发卒中患者约1600万[5]。缺血性脑卒中有效的治疗方法是静脉溶栓,但也只有1/3的患者在3个月内能完全缓解,少于60%的患者只能部分再通[6],发生再次梗塞的概率约为15%,且对多数大栓子无效[7]。国内常用的溶栓药物是阿替普酶(rt-PA)和尿激酶,2018中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南中指出,在发病4.5 h内,主要选择rt-PA,6 h内选择尿激酶[8]。研究显示,6 h内rt-PA与尿激酶治疗急性缺血性脑卒中,其有效性和安全性相当[9]。有研究提示阿加曲班联合rt-PA可提高缺血性脑卒中的治疗效果,且安全性相当。
1药理学特性
1.1 rt-PA
rt-PA是我国最有效、可行性高且应用最广泛的溶栓药物,对纤维蛋白具有特异亲和力,可定向作用于血栓部位,选择性地与血栓表面的纤维蛋白及纤溶酶原结合,促进纤溶酶原活化为纤溶酶,在纤溶酶的作用下打断纤维蛋白网,促进血栓崩解,起到血管再通和促进血流的作用。该药半衰期(7~8 min)短,对血浆游离纤溶酶影响较小,一般不会引起全身纤溶,出血副作用也较少[10-12]。
1.2阿加曲班
①阿加曲班是一种新型的直接凝血酶抑制剂,对凝血酶有高度亲和性,活性较强,能快速可逆地与凝血酶催化位点结合;②可与血液中溶解状态及结合状态的凝血酶结合,抑制凝血酶活性,提高纤溶效果,降解纤维蛋白及溶解血栓;③分子量小(527),易通过血脑屏障,进入血栓内部,灭活已与纤维蛋白结合的凝血酶;④调节内皮细胞功能,下调导致炎症和血栓的各种细胞因子;⑤抑制血管收缩,减少微血栓形成,预防远端小血管堵塞,改善侧支循环;⑥半衰期短(数分钟),停药后部分凝血活酶时间(aPTT)和激活全血凝固时间(ACT)恢复时间短,可有效控制药物抗凝水平;⑦有良好的剂量耐受性,在相当宽的剂量范围内无出血等不良反应[13-14]。, 百拇医药(陈丹 罗志伟 苏捷华)