糖尿病和甲状腺癌的关联(2)
2.6 慢性高血糖和高甘油三酯和甲状腺癌症的危险 研究表明,高甘油三酯水平的男性与高血糖水平的女性更容易发生甲状腺癌[5]。其机制可能是增加氧化应激。游离脂肪酸和葡萄糖刺激核因子-κB增加了活性氧(ROS)底物一氧化氮的产生[33]。低水平的ROS调节细胞信号对正常细胞扩散有重要意义。在肿瘤细胞中观察到ROS的增加[5]。然而,近期一项大规模队列分析表明,50岁以下女性的血糖与甲状腺癌的风险呈负相关,而男性甲状腺癌的风险增加[34]。其可能的机制涉及到生殖激素,血糖和甲状腺癌之间复杂的关系。由于研究缺乏生育史、性激素的使用的详细资料,还不能作出任何结论。总之,目前的研究表明,血糖水平与甲状腺癌的风险之间的关联还有争议。
2.7 维生素D缺乏症和甲状腺癌的风险 维生素D缺乏症中有70%的糖尿病患者,原因尚不明确[35]。维生素D促进肿瘤细胞的分化和凋亡[36]。低维生素D水平降低脱碘酶2,从而降低细胞内的三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)。骨骼肌肉和脂肪组织中下降的T3浓度导致GLUT4的转录减少,从而导致胰岛素抵抗。T3浓度下降刺激垂体释放促甲状腺激素TSH[11]。正如上文所述,胰岛素抵抗、TSH可能与甲状腺癌相关。至今缺乏以人类为对象的研究确定维生素D缺乏和甲状腺癌之间的关联。
, http://www.100md.com
3 结论
流行病学研究表明,女性糖尿病患者的甲状腺癌风险增加,男性糖尿病患者的甲状腺癌的风险没有明显变化。其可能的机制包括TSH升高、胰岛素、血糖、甘油三酯、胰岛素抵抗、肥胖、缺乏维生素D、抗糖尿病药物治疗。然而,这些机制大多根据流行病学研究结果假设而来,研究提供的直接生物模型仍然很少。更深入的研究是必要的,以确认糖尿病和甲状腺癌之间的关系并探讨其根本机制。
参考文献
[1] Tseng C H,Chong C K,Tai T Y.Secular trend for mortality from breast cancer and the association between diabetes and breast cancer in Taiwan between 1995 and 2006[J].Diabetologia,2009,52(2):240-246.
, 百拇医药
[2] Tseng C H.Diabetes and risk of prostate cancer:a study using the National Health Insurance[J].Diabetes Care,2011,34(3):616-621.
[3] Tseng C H.Diabetes and risk of bladder cancer:a study using the National Health Insurance database in Taiwan[J].Diabetologia,2011,54(8):2009-2015.
[4] Tseng C H.Diabetes and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma:analyses of prevalence and annual incidence in 2005 using the National Health Insurance database in Taiwan[J].Annals of Oncology,2012,23(1):153-158.
, 百拇医药
[5] Borena W,Stocks T, Jonsson H,et al.Serum triglycerides and cancer risk in the metabolic syndrome and cancer (Me-Can) collaborative study[J].Cancer Causes and Control,2011,22(2):291-299.
[6] Wolin K Y,Carson K,Colditz G A.Obesity and cancer[J].The Oncologist,2010,15(6):556-565.
[7] Wu P.Thyroid disorders and diabetes.It is common for a person to be affected by both thyroid disease and diabetes[J].Diabetes Self-Management,2007,24(5):80-87.
, 百拇医药
[8] Meinhold C L,Ron E,Schonfeld S J,et al.Nonradiation risk factors for thyroid cancer in the US radiologic technologists study[J].American Journal of Epidemiology,2010,171(2):242-252.
[9] Adami H O,McLaughlin J,Ekbom A,et al.Cancer risk in patients with diabetes mellitus[J].Cancer Causes and Control,1991,2(5):307-314.
[10] Wideroff L,Gridley G,Mellemkjaer L,et al.Cancer incidence in a population-based cohort of patients hospitalized with diabetes mellitus in Denmark[J].Journal of the National Cancer Institute,1997,89(18):1360-1365.
, http://www.100md.com(康璇 曹仁贤)
2.7 维生素D缺乏症和甲状腺癌的风险 维生素D缺乏症中有70%的糖尿病患者,原因尚不明确[35]。维生素D促进肿瘤细胞的分化和凋亡[36]。低维生素D水平降低脱碘酶2,从而降低细胞内的三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)。骨骼肌肉和脂肪组织中下降的T3浓度导致GLUT4的转录减少,从而导致胰岛素抵抗。T3浓度下降刺激垂体释放促甲状腺激素TSH[11]。正如上文所述,胰岛素抵抗、TSH可能与甲状腺癌相关。至今缺乏以人类为对象的研究确定维生素D缺乏和甲状腺癌之间的关联。
, http://www.100md.com
3 结论
流行病学研究表明,女性糖尿病患者的甲状腺癌风险增加,男性糖尿病患者的甲状腺癌的风险没有明显变化。其可能的机制包括TSH升高、胰岛素、血糖、甘油三酯、胰岛素抵抗、肥胖、缺乏维生素D、抗糖尿病药物治疗。然而,这些机制大多根据流行病学研究结果假设而来,研究提供的直接生物模型仍然很少。更深入的研究是必要的,以确认糖尿病和甲状腺癌之间的关系并探讨其根本机制。
参考文献
[1] Tseng C H,Chong C K,Tai T Y.Secular trend for mortality from breast cancer and the association between diabetes and breast cancer in Taiwan between 1995 and 2006[J].Diabetologia,2009,52(2):240-246.
, 百拇医药
[2] Tseng C H.Diabetes and risk of prostate cancer:a study using the National Health Insurance[J].Diabetes Care,2011,34(3):616-621.
[3] Tseng C H.Diabetes and risk of bladder cancer:a study using the National Health Insurance database in Taiwan[J].Diabetologia,2011,54(8):2009-2015.
[4] Tseng C H.Diabetes and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma:analyses of prevalence and annual incidence in 2005 using the National Health Insurance database in Taiwan[J].Annals of Oncology,2012,23(1):153-158.
, 百拇医药
[5] Borena W,Stocks T, Jonsson H,et al.Serum triglycerides and cancer risk in the metabolic syndrome and cancer (Me-Can) collaborative study[J].Cancer Causes and Control,2011,22(2):291-299.
[6] Wolin K Y,Carson K,Colditz G A.Obesity and cancer[J].The Oncologist,2010,15(6):556-565.
[7] Wu P.Thyroid disorders and diabetes.It is common for a person to be affected by both thyroid disease and diabetes[J].Diabetes Self-Management,2007,24(5):80-87.
, 百拇医药
[8] Meinhold C L,Ron E,Schonfeld S J,et al.Nonradiation risk factors for thyroid cancer in the US radiologic technologists study[J].American Journal of Epidemiology,2010,171(2):242-252.
[9] Adami H O,McLaughlin J,Ekbom A,et al.Cancer risk in patients with diabetes mellitus[J].Cancer Causes and Control,1991,2(5):307-314.
[10] Wideroff L,Gridley G,Mellemkjaer L,et al.Cancer incidence in a population-based cohort of patients hospitalized with diabetes mellitus in Denmark[J].Journal of the National Cancer Institute,1997,89(18):1360-1365.
, http://www.100md.com(康璇 曹仁贤)