05~端脑(Telencephalon).ppt
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The Telencephalon
山东大学医学院解剖教研室
李振华
External feature
* The telencephalon consists of right and left cerebral hemisphere, partially separated by cerebral longitudinal fissure.
* The cerebral transverse fissure intervenes between the hemispheres and the cerebellum
* Each hemisphere has three surfaces: superolateral, medial and inferior
Three principal sulci
* Central sulcus中央沟
* Lateral sulcus 外侧沟
* Parietooccipital sulcus 顶枕沟
Five lobes
* Frontal lobe 额叶
* Parietal lobe 顶叶
* Temporal lobe 颞叶
* Occipital lobe 枕叶
* Insular lobe 岛叶
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Frontal lobe:
* Precentralsulcus 中央前沟
* Superior frontal sulcus 额上沟
* Inferior frontal sulcus 额下沟
* Precentral gyrus 中央前回
* Superior frontal gyrus 额上回
* Middle frontal gyrus 额中回
* Inferior frontal gyrus 额下回
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Parietal lobe:
* Postcentral sulcus 中央后沟
* Postcentral gyrus中央后回
* Intraparietal sulcus 顶内沟
* Superior parietal lobule 顶上小叶
* Inferior parietal lobule 顶下小叶
* Supramarginal gyrus 缘上回
* Angular gyrus 角回
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Temporal lobe:
* Superior temporal sulcus 颞上沟
* Inferior temporal sulcus 颞下沟
* Superior temporal gyrus 颞上回
* Middle temporal gyrus 颞中回
*Inferior temporal gyrus 颞下回
* Transverse temporal gyri 颞横回
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Sulci and gyri of medial surface
* Corpus callosum 胼胝体
* Callosal sulcus 胼胝体沟
* Cingulate gyrus 扣带沟
* Cingulate sulcus 扣带回
* Marginal ramus 缘支
* Paracentral lobule 中央旁小叶
* Calcarine sulcus 距状沟
* Cuneus 楔叶
* Lingual gyrus 舌回
Sulci and gyri of medial surface
Sulci and gyri of inferior surface
* Olfactory bulb 嗅球
* Olfactory tract 嗅束
* Olfactory trigone 嗅三角
* Anterior perforated substance 前穿质
* Collateral sulcus 侧副沟
* Occipitotemporal sulcus 枕颞沟
* Medial occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞内侧回
* Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞外侧回
* Hippocampal sulcus 海马沟
* Parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回
* Uncus 钩
* Hippocampus 海马
* Dentate gyrus 齿状回
Inferior surface
Histology of the cerebral cortex
* Archicortex 原皮质 (hippocampal formation 海马结构)
* Paleocortex 古皮质 (rhinencephalon 嗅脑)
* Neocortex 新皮质(most of cerebral cortex)
Functional location of cerebral cortex
First somatic motor area 第一躯体运动区
Position: located in precentral gyrus and anterior portion of paracentral lobule
First somatic motor area第一躯体运动区
Characters
* Representation is inverted, but head and face are upright
* A body part is represented by a cortical area proportional to its use rather than its size
* Receiving fibers from postcentral gyrus, VA, VL and VPL, sending out fibers to form pyramidal tract, controlling voluntary movements
First somatic sensory area第一躯体感觉区
Position-lies in postcentral gyrus and posterior portion of paracentral lobule
Firstsomatic sensory area第一躯体感觉区
Characters
* Sensory representation, like motor area, is crossed and inverted
* Receiving and interpret sensation from opposite side of body
Auditory area 听区
* Located in transverse temporal gyri
* Receive auditory information from both ears
Visual area 视区
* Lie on either side of calcarine sulcus in medial surface of occipital lobe
* Visual cortex of one hemisphere receives impression from temporal part of retina of same side and nasal part of opposite side
* Lesions of visual cortex produce contralateral homonymous visual field defections
* Vestibular area平衡觉区: located in front of superior temporal gyrus
* Olfactory area 嗅觉区: located near the uncus
* Taste area 味觉区: located at frontal operculum
Language area 语言中枢
It is dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed person
* Motor speech area 运动性语言中枢
* Located in posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrus
* Damage: motor aphasia
* Writing area 书写中枢
* Located in posterior portion of middle frontal gyrus
* Damage: agraphia
* Auditory speech area 听觉性语言中枢
* Located in posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus
* Lesion: sensory aphasia
* Visual speech area视觉性语言中枢
* Located in angular gyrus
* Lesion: alexia
Internal structures
Lateral ventricle 侧脑室
* Position:
located in cerebral hemispheres
* Four parts
*Central part: lies in parietal lobe
*Anterior horn: extends into frontal lobe
*Posterior horn extend into occipital lobe
*Inferior horn: extend into temporal lobe
* Communication
lateral ventricle → interventricular foramen → third ventricle
Basal nuclei 基底核
* Corpus striatum 纹状体
* Lentiform nucleus豆状核
* Caudate nucleus 尾状核
* Claustrum 屏状核
* Amygdaloid body 杏仁体
White matter
Association fibers
联络纤维
Run between gyri within the same hemisphere
* Cerebral arcuate fibers大脑弓状纤维
* Superiorlongitudinal fasciculi 上纵束
* Inferiorlongitudinal fasciculi下纵束
* Uncinate fasciculus 钩束
* Cingulum 扣带
Commissural fibers 连合纤维- run between left and right hemisphere
* Corpus callosum胼胝体: rostrum, genu, trunk, splenium
* Anterior commissure 前连合
* Fornix and commissure of fornix 穹隆和穹隆连合
Projection fibers投射纤维: connect cortex with lower part of brain and spinal cord and they include both ascending and descending fibers
Internal capsule
* Position: a thick lamina of white matter lying between caudate nucleus, thalamus and lentiform nucleus
Three parts
* Anterior limb of internal capsule 内囊前肢
* Lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
* Containing frontopontine tract and anterior thalamic radiation
* Genu of internal capsule 内囊膝
* Is angle at which anterior and posterior limbs meet
* Containing corticonuclear tract
* Posterior limb of internal capsule内囊后肢
* Lies between thalamus and lentiform nucleus
* Contain corticospinal tract, corticorubral tract, central thalamic radiation, parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tract, acoustic radiation and optic radiation
Limbic system边缘系统
* Composition
* Limbic lobe: includes septal area, cingulated gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, temporal pole, anterior part of insular lobe and so on
* Associated subcortical nuclei: amygdaloid body, septal nuclei, hypothalamus, epithalamus, anterior nucleus group of thalamus, tegmentum of midbrain
* Function: concerned with visceral activities, olfaction, emotion and memory, so this system is called 'visceral brain'
The Telencephalon
山东大学医学院解剖教研室
李振华
External feature
* The telencephalon consists of right and left cerebral hemisphere, partially separated by cerebral longitudinal fissure.
* The cerebral transverse fissure intervenes between the hemispheres and the cerebellum
* Each hemisphere has three surfaces: superolateral, medial and inferior
Three principal sulci
* Central sulcus中央沟
* Lateral sulcus 外侧沟
* Parietooccipital sulcus 顶枕沟
Five lobes
* Frontal lobe 额叶
* Parietal lobe 顶叶
* Temporal lobe 颞叶
* Occipital lobe 枕叶
* Insular lobe 岛叶
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Frontal lobe:
* Precentralsulcus 中央前沟
* Superior frontal sulcus 额上沟
* Inferior frontal sulcus 额下沟
* Precentral gyrus 中央前回
* Superior frontal gyrus 额上回
* Middle frontal gyrus 额中回
* Inferior frontal gyrus 额下回
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Parietal lobe:
* Postcentral sulcus 中央后沟
* Postcentral gyrus中央后回
* Intraparietal sulcus 顶内沟
* Superior parietal lobule 顶上小叶
* Inferior parietal lobule 顶下小叶
* Supramarginal gyrus 缘上回
* Angular gyrus 角回
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Temporal lobe:
* Superior temporal sulcus 颞上沟
* Inferior temporal sulcus 颞下沟
* Superior temporal gyrus 颞上回
* Middle temporal gyrus 颞中回
*Inferior temporal gyrus 颞下回
* Transverse temporal gyri 颞横回
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Sulci and gyri of medial surface
* Corpus callosum 胼胝体
* Callosal sulcus 胼胝体沟
* Cingulate gyrus 扣带沟
* Cingulate sulcus 扣带回
* Marginal ramus 缘支
* Paracentral lobule 中央旁小叶
* Calcarine sulcus 距状沟
* Cuneus 楔叶
* Lingual gyrus 舌回
Sulci and gyri of medial surface
Sulci and gyri of inferior surface
* Olfactory bulb 嗅球
* Olfactory tract 嗅束
* Olfactory trigone 嗅三角
* Anterior perforated substance 前穿质
* Collateral sulcus 侧副沟
* Occipitotemporal sulcus 枕颞沟
* Medial occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞内侧回
* Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞外侧回
* Hippocampal sulcus 海马沟
* Parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回
* Uncus 钩
* Hippocampus 海马
* Dentate gyrus 齿状回
Inferior surface
Histology of the cerebral cortex
* Archicortex 原皮质 (hippocampal formation 海马结构)
* Paleocortex 古皮质 (rhinencephalon 嗅脑)
* Neocortex 新皮质(most of cerebral cortex)
Functional location of cerebral cortex
First somatic motor area 第一躯体运动区
Position: located in precentral gyrus and anterior portion of paracentral lobule
First somatic motor area第一躯体运动区
Characters
* Representation is inverted, but head and face are upright
* A body part is represented by a cortical area proportional to its use rather than its size
* Receiving fibers from postcentral gyrus, VA, VL and VPL, sending out fibers to form pyramidal tract, controlling voluntary movements
First somatic sensory area第一躯体感觉区
Position-lies in postcentral gyrus and posterior portion of paracentral lobule
Firstsomatic sensory area第一躯体感觉区
Characters
* Sensory representation, like motor area, is crossed and inverted
* Receiving and interpret sensation from opposite side of body
Auditory area 听区
* Located in transverse temporal gyri
* Receive auditory information from both ears
Visual area 视区
* Lie on either side of calcarine sulcus in medial surface of occipital lobe
* Visual cortex of one hemisphere receives impression from temporal part of retina of same side and nasal part of opposite side
* Lesions of visual cortex produce contralateral homonymous visual field defections
* Vestibular area平衡觉区: located in front of superior temporal gyrus
* Olfactory area 嗅觉区: located near the uncus
* Taste area 味觉区: located at frontal operculum
Language area 语言中枢
It is dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed person
* Motor speech area 运动性语言中枢
* Located in posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrus
* Damage: motor aphasia
* Writing area 书写中枢
* Located in posterior portion of middle frontal gyrus
* Damage: agraphia
* Auditory speech area 听觉性语言中枢
* Located in posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus
* Lesion: sensory aphasia
* Visual speech area视觉性语言中枢
* Located in angular gyrus
* Lesion: alexia
Internal structures
Lateral ventricle 侧脑室
* Position:
located in cerebral hemispheres
* Four parts
*Central part: lies in parietal lobe
*Anterior horn: extends into frontal lobe
*Posterior horn extend into occipital lobe
*Inferior horn: extend into temporal lobe
* Communication
lateral ventricle → interventricular foramen → third ventricle
Basal nuclei 基底核
* Corpus striatum 纹状体
* Lentiform nucleus豆状核
* Caudate nucleus 尾状核
* Claustrum 屏状核
* Amygdaloid body 杏仁体
White matter
Association fibers
联络纤维
Run between gyri within the same hemisphere
* Cerebral arcuate fibers大脑弓状纤维
* Superiorlongitudinal fasciculi 上纵束
* Inferiorlongitudinal fasciculi下纵束
* Uncinate fasciculus 钩束
* Cingulum 扣带
Commissural fibers 连合纤维- run between left and right hemisphere
* Corpus callosum胼胝体: rostrum, genu, trunk, splenium
* Anterior commissure 前连合
* Fornix and commissure of fornix 穹隆和穹隆连合
Projection fibers投射纤维: connect cortex with lower part of brain and spinal cord and they include both ascending and descending fibers
Internal capsule
* Position: a thick lamina of white matter lying between caudate nucleus, thalamus and lentiform nucleus
Three parts
* Anterior limb of internal capsule 内囊前肢
* Lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
* Containing frontopontine tract and anterior thalamic radiation
* Genu of internal capsule 内囊膝
* Is angle at which anterior and posterior limbs meet
* Containing corticonuclear tract
* Posterior limb of internal capsule内囊后肢
* Lies between thalamus and lentiform nucleus
* Contain corticospinal tract, corticorubral tract, central thalamic radiation, parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tract, acoustic radiation and optic radiation
Limbic system边缘系统
* Composition
* Limbic lobe: includes septal area, cingulated gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, temporal pole, anterior part of insular lobe and so on
* Associated subcortical nuclei: amygdaloid body, septal nuclei, hypothalamus, epithalamus, anterior nucleus group of thalamus, tegmentum of midbrain
* Function: concerned with visceral activities, olfaction, emotion and memory, so this system is called 'visceral brain'