Guidelines for the Treatment of Community-acquired Pneumonia
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美国呼吸和危急护理医学 2005年第9期
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital Universitario La Fe Cuidados Intensivos
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital Cleico, Valencia
Instituto de Neumologe y Alergia, Hospital Clinic (Red Gira FIS-ISCIII-03/063)
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital San Pablo, Barcelona
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital de Cruces, Bilbao
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital de la Princesa
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital Carlos Haya, Malaga
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital San Jorge, Huesca
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital Virgen de la Macarena, Sevilla
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital Dr. Negre, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital General Universitario, Murcia
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital General, Guadalajara
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital Ntra. Sra. de Covadonga, Oviedo, Spain
ABSTRACT
Rationale: Some studies highlight the association of better clinical responses with adherence to guidelines for empiric treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), but little is known about factors that influence this adherence. Objectives: Our objectives were to identify factors influencing adherence to the guidelines for empiric treatment of CAP, and to evaluate the impact of adherence on outcome. Methods: We studied 1,288 patients with CAP admitted to 13 Spanish hospitals. Collected variables included the patients' clinical and demographic data, initial severity of the disease, antibiotic treatment, and specialty and training status of the prescribing physician. Measurements and Main Results: Adherence to guidelines was high (79.7%), with significant differences between hospitals (range, 47eC97%) and physicians (pneumologists, 81%; pneumology residents, 84%; nonpneumology residents, 82%; other specialists, 67%). The independent factors related to higher adherence were hospital, physician characteristics, and initial high-risk class of Fine, whereas admission to intensive care unit decreased adherence. Seventy-four patients died (6.1%), and treatment failure was found in 175 patients (14.2%). After adjusting for Fine risk class, adherence to the guidelines was found protective for mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3eC0.9) and for treatment failure (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.5eC0.9). Treatment prescribed by pneumologists and residents was associated with lower treatment failure (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4eC0.9). Conclusions: Adherence to guidelines mainly depends on the hospital and the specialty and training status of prescribing physicians. Nonadherence was higher in nonpneumology specialists, and is an independent risk factor for treatment failure and mortality.
Key Words: antibiotic compliance mortality pneumologist resident
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has an incidence of 3 to 5 cases per 1,000 persons, and a mortality of 5 to 15% in hospitalized patients (1). Initial antibiotic treatment is key for the resolution of infection and for prognosis, with higher mortality if the treatment is inappropriate. The difficulty in selecting the appropriate antibiotics arises because CAP can be caused by multiple organisms, which cannot be identified on clinical and radiographic findings, and the conventional microbiological methods have limited sensitivity and specificity (2).
It has been shown that the shorter the time between diagnosis and initiation of treatment, the better the impact on prognosis (3, 4), and this is more effective than to be adequate to results from microbiological tests if this delays treatment (5, 6). Thus, usually the antibiotic treatment is chosen empirically at the time of diagnosis. Evidence-based guidelines have been developed by scientific societies to assist physicians in the selection of antibiotics (7eC9) and to reduce variability in clinical care (10).
Some studies have shown that adherence to guidelines results in reduced need for hospitalization, shorter stays, and lower mortality. Nevertheless, adherence is variable among clinicians (11) and may be due to individual disposition (12, 13). Halm and coworkers (14) identified factors associated with nonadherence to guidelines in the decision of hospitalizing patients with CAP, but there is little information regarding factors that influence adherence to guidelines for the selection of treatment of CAP (13).
The differences in adherence to guidelines between specialists in pneumology and other physicians have not been studied enough, and it is not known if adherence is also influenced by patient characteristics such as comorbid condition or initial severity. This is an important issue because some processes of care for CAP, with an impact on outcome, could be improved (15eC17), and the choice of antibiotic treatment is one of the processes associated with differences in the outcome of hospitalized CAP (18eC20). Efforts should be directed to identify factors that influence the adherence to guidelines to prepare strategies to improve it.
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate adherence to the Spanish guidelines for the empiric antibiotic treatment of CAP, and to identify factors related to compliance with these guidelines. This study analyzed factors associated with the characteristics of the patients, the initial severity of the infection, and the specialty and training status of the prescribing physician. Furthermore, we aimed to study the impact of adherence on treatment failure and mortality. A part of this work has been published as an abstract (21).
METHODS
Design and Study Population
Between October 2000 and April 2001, a multicenter observational prospective study was carried out in 15 Spanish hospitals (22). All hospitals are part of the Spanish National Health System and have a pneumology service. The study cohort comprised nonimmunosupressed adult patients hospitalized because of CAP. (Additional details are provided in the online supplement.)
The attending physician prescribed the initial empiric antibiotic therapy. Compliance with the latest consensus Spanish guidelines from the Sociedad Espanla de Quimioterapia-Sociedad Espanla de Neumologia y Cirugia Toreica (SEQ-SEPAR) (23) was evaluated. Data on the prescribing physician were collected and categorized as follows: pneumologist (4 years' training), other internal medicine specialist, resident in pneumology (undergoing training), or resident in another specialty. Initial empiric treatment was considered to adhere to guidelines when antibiotics were prescribed as follows: in hospitalized patients with CAP, either third-generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone), or amoxycillin-clavulanate combined or not combined with a macrolide, or fluoroquinolone (third or fourth generation) in monotherapy; in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), third- or fourth-generation cephalosporin combined with intravenous macrolide or with intravenous fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin; see Table E1 in the online supplement). All other antibiotic regimens were considered as being nonadherent to guidelines. Outcome variables were treatment failure (22) and mortality. (Additional details are available in the online supplement.)
Data Collection
Demographic and clinical characteristics and analytic data have been described elsewhere (22). For the present study, data for age, sex, prior antibiotic treatment, adherence to guidelines, comorbidity, signs of initial severity, and pneumonia severity index (PSI) or the risk class of Fine and colleagues (24) were analyzed.
Statistical Study
Univariate analysis.
Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS 8.2 software program (SAS, Inc., Cary, NC). Qualitative variables were compared using the 2 test. Differences in quantitative variables were assessed with analysis of variance or with a Kruskal-Wallis test when appropriate. Values of p 0.05 were considered significant. Variables dichotomized for univariate analysis were tachycardia ( 100 beats/minute), tachypnea ( 30 breaths/minute), hypotension (systolic blood pressure 90), and hypoxemia (PaO2 60 mm Hg).
Multivariate analysis.
A logistic regression analysis to predict adherence to guidelines was performed using as independent variables those found significant in univariate analyses (unemployed status, previous antibiotic treatment, confusion, hypotension, admission to ICU, PSI, hospital, and prescribing physician). The PSI was dichotomized as risk class I or greater than I, based on the found overall adherence (70.5% for risk class I and 77eC82% for the rest). Four dummy variables for each prescribing physician were introduced into the model so as to analyze the independent effect of each physician category. Interactions between hospital, physicians, comorbid conditions, and PSI were assessed.
Two logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the impact of adherence and prescribing physician on mortality and treatment failure. The independent variables were as follows: adherence, prescribing physician, and PSI dichotomized as low (Fine risk classes IeCIII) and high (risk classes IVeCV).
The logistic regression analyses were performed with a likelihood ratioeCbased stepwise method. Variables that reached a p value of 0.05 or less were considered significant and their odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The Hosmer and Lemeshow (25) goodness-of-fit test was used to evaluate the adequacy of the models. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were also calculated.
RESULTS
The original study comprised 1,424 patients from 15 Spanish hospitals. Data on the prescribing physician were available for 1,228 patients (additional details provided in the online supplement) who were included in the study. Eighty-six (7%) were admitted to ICU, 74 died (6.1%), and 175 had treatment failure (14.2%). The main demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and PSI scores have been published elsewhere (22).
The initial empiric therapy prescribed on admission was adherent to the SEQ-SEPAR guidelines in 979 patients (79.7%); of those, adherence was 80% in patients hospitalized in the ward (921/1,142), and 67.4% in those admitted to ICU (58/86; p < 0.05). (Additional details on antibiotic regimes are provided in the online supplement). Adherence to guidelines differed between hospitals, with a range of 47 to 97% (see Table E2).
The initial treatment was prescribed as follows: 786 patients (64%) were treated by residents (239 [19%] by a resident in pneumology and 547 [45%] by a resident in other specialties), 244 (20%) by a trained specialist in pneumology, and 198 (16%) by other specialists in internal medicine. In patients hospitalized in ward, adherence to the guidelines with respect to physician was as follows: pneumologists, 187 of 230 patients (81%); pneumology residents, 196 of 231 patients (85%); residents of other specialties, 427 of 524 patients (82%); and other specialists, 111 of 157 patients (71%) adhered to the guidelines (p < 0.05). In patients admitted to ICU, patient adherence was as follows: pneumologists, 10 of 14 patients (71%); pneumology residents, 5 of 8 patients (63%); residents of other specialties, 21 of 23 patients (91%); and other specialists, 22 of 41 patients (54%) adhered to the guidelines (p < 0.05).
Table 1 shows the adherence to guidelines in the whole group stratified according to the characteristics and comorbidities of the patients. We did not find significant differences with regard to age, sex, or tobacco and alcohol intake. Adherence was lower in patients who were unemployed, with confusion, and with hypotension. Table 2 shows the results of adherence stratified by characteristics of the patients as well as the prescribing physician. The presence of comorbidity decreased adherence to guidelines when the treatment was prescribed by a nonpneumology specialist. Adherence with respect to initial severity also showed differences between prescribing physicians: the pneumology specialists and residents had increased adherence to the guidelines in patients with severe CAP (risk class V), whereas in the nonpneumology specialists, this was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased.
Multivariate adherence predictors.
A stepwise regression logistic analysis of 1,134 patients was performed to predict adherence. The independent variables included were unemployed status, previous antibiotic treatment, confusion, hypotension (systolic blood pressure 90), admission to ICU, Fine risk class, hospital, and prescribing physician. Interactions between hospital, physicians, comorbid conditions, and initial severity were assessed and not found. The 2 goodness-of-fit analysis demonstrated the adequacy of the model (p = 0.2). The independent factors related to higher adherence were hospital, physician characteristics, and initial Fine high-risk class, whereas admission to the ICU decreased adherence (Table 3).
Adherence and Outcome: Treatment Failure and Mortality
Univariate statistical analyses.
Seventy-four patients died (6.1%), and treatment failure was found in 175 patients (14.2%). The overall treatment failure (19.7 vs. 13%) and mortality (8.9 vs. 5.4%) were significantly greater in the group of patients treated with schedules nonadherent to the guidelines (Table 4). Adherence reduced treatment failure (unadjusted OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.43eC0.87) and mortality (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35eC0.97). For patients admitted to the ward, treatment failure in the adherent group was 10.9 versus 13.1% in the nonadherent group (p = 0.36), and mortality was 3.9 versus 6.4%, respectively (p = 0.09). In ICU patients who received adherent treatment, treatment failure was 44.8 versus 71.4% (p = 0.02), and mortality was 29.3 versus 29.6%, respectively (p = 0.6; see Table E3 for patients stratified by ICU and non-ICU).
Comparing the prescribing physicians, we found that patients treated by nonpneumology specialists with schemes not adherent to the guidelines showed a greater percentage of treatment failure and death (albeit the latter did not reach statistical significance).
Multivariate analysis.
After adjustment for initial severity, adherence to the guidelines (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.5eC0.9) and treatment prescribed by the pneumologist or the residents were protective against treatment failure, whereas only adherence was protective against mortality (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.3eC0.9; Table 5). The 2 goodness-of-fit analysis demonstrated the adequacy of the model (p = 0.22).
DISCUSSION
The most relevant findings of our study are as follows: (1) adherence to guidelines greatly differs between hospitals and is significantly lower in nonpneumology specialists, (2) patients with confusion and hypotension are treated more often with regimens that do not comply with guidelines, (3) nonpneumology specialists have a lower adherence to the guidelines when treating patients with severe CAP and greater risk for treatment failure, and (4) adherence to the guidelines is an independent protective factor for treatment failure and death.
In our study, 84% of the patients received the initial treatment from a pneumologist or a resident, with a high global adherence to guidelines, although with great differences among hospitals. We have confirmed the large variability in compliance with guidelines between hospitals even in the same country (26). Differences between hospitals prove the heterogeneity in treating CAP and possibly are due to different reasons, such as local epidemiologic peculiarities and, mainly, a shared collective attitude. In the three hospitals where the adherence of pneumologists/pneumology residents was the lowest (Hospitals 6, 9, and 12), the global adherence was also low. This might reflect the effect of nonadherence of pneumologists on the behavior of others physicians. In general, our findings reveal that trained and trainee pneumologists showed a high degree and similar pattern of compliance.
This higher grade of adherence by the pneumologists is probably due to the better access these clinicians have to recommended guidelines, the rapid dissemination of current guidelines, and the capacity for prompt decision by the specialist. Clinicians in the course of their training are also very receptive to the information made available by the scientific societies, and sensitive to the opinions of the experts (14). Clinicians in nonrelated fields use treatment schemes that often do not adhere to the specialist guidelines and, as such, our findings sound the alert regarding lack of adherence when the treatment is provided by clinicians who are not specialists in the patient's specific condition (27).
In some countries, many patients with CAP are treated by general practitioners or other specialists, so there is a need to disseminate and implement guidelines among those physicians. Switzer and colleagues (28) found different and low levels of awareness of guidelines between generalists and even pneumologists. They found that a positive attitude toward guidelines correlated with a higher awareness and adherence more than specialty itself did. Other reasons for nonadherence could include the difficulty in the application of the guidelines in some individual patients.
When analyzing patient characteristics associated with adherence to the guidelines, we found a pattern of behavior, which was similar between the residents and pneumologists, with respect to patient comorbidity and signs of severity of CAP. The presence of concomitant diseases almost doubled the lack of adherence in other specialists, especially in patients with diabetes, or central nervous system and renal disorders, without an evident explanation. These data are important because comorbidity is frequent among hospitalized patients with CAP (29), and is the cause of poor prognosis (30, 31).
Compliance with guidelines was lower in the two extremes of severity of CAP: in the most severe—that is, those admitted to ICU—and in the least severe cases (Fine risk class I). Furthermore, the behavior of physicians was opposite in pneumologists and other specialists in these circumstances: although in severe CAP (Fine risk class V), adherence was higher for pneumology specialists and residents and lower for nonpneumology specialists, the opposite happened in risk class I. This is of considerable note because the former are at very high risk of death, and mortality increases if the prescribed treatment does not adhere to the guidelines. Signs of severity of CAP, such as hypotension and confusion, were associated with lower adherence, especially in nonpneumology specialists. These signs of severity are widely known by pneumologists, and well documented on the severity scales that are commonly used in the management of CAP (24, 32). Our results highlight an area warranting improvement in the management of CAP (33). In countries where patients are treated by nonpneumology specialists, it would be important to confirm our findings to increase the awareness of signs of severity of CAP.
The initial antibiotic treatment is among the processes and outcome measures used to assess the quality of hospital care (34, 35). Several studies have found lower mortality when the antibiotic treatment adheres to guidelines (19, 36eC38). Our results confirm the independent protective effect of adherence to guidelines on mortality and treatment failure. In a prior publication, we found that treatment failure was lower when treatment was adherent, and it was independently associated with fluorquinolone, but the independent effect of the prescribing physician was not analyzed (22). In addition to adherence, when the treatment was prescribed by the pneumologist or residents, the treatment failure was lower. Marrie and coworkers (39) found that clinicians who treat a higher volume of patients with pneumonia achieve better outcomes, which could explain our findings.
The independent effect of adherence on mortality was demonstrated after adjusting by Fine risk class. However, because our study was observational and nonrandomized, possible limitations are that factors not assessed by the Fine risk class, or confounding variables that were not measured, could have influenced the outcome. These could include differences in the characteristics of the hospitals, differences in the management of CAP between hospitals (39), or factors arising during hospitalization. Another limitation is that we don't have a code for the actual medical provider and therefore we cannot perform clustered or hierarchic analyses.
In summary, we found that adherence to guidelines for the empiric treatment of CAP differs considerably between hospitals and prescribing physicians. The pattern of adherence in the residents was similar to that in pneumologists, in relation to comorbidity and severity of CAP. Adherence to guidelines was an independent protective factor for treatment failure and mortality. Our findings identify factors associated with nonadherence, and highlight inefficiencies and heterogeneity in clinical practice. Strategies for achieving better adherence need to be implemented to improve our medical practice.
Investigators in the NEUMOFAIL Research Study Group: Rosale Domenech, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia; Malina Ioanas, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Ainhoa Geez Bonilla, Hospital de Cruces, Bilbao; Olga Rajas, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid; Marta Arzola, Hospital Carlos Haya, Meaga; Aguste Valido, Hospital Virgen Macarena de Sevilla; Felipe Andreo, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona; Alicia Leez, Hospital Dr. Negre, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Manuel Brufal, Hospital San Pablo, Barcelona; and Damian Malia, Hospital General de Murcia.
This article has an online supplement, which is accessible from this issue's table of contents at www.atsjournals.org
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Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital Cleico, Valencia
Instituto de Neumologe y Alergia, Hospital Clinic (Red Gira FIS-ISCIII-03/063)
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital San Pablo, Barcelona
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital de Cruces, Bilbao
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital de la Princesa
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital Carlos Haya, Malaga
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital San Jorge, Huesca
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital Virgen de la Macarena, Sevilla
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital Dr. Negre, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital General Universitario, Murcia
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital General, Guadalajara
Servicio de Neumologe, Hospital Ntra. Sra. de Covadonga, Oviedo, Spain
ABSTRACT
Rationale: Some studies highlight the association of better clinical responses with adherence to guidelines for empiric treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), but little is known about factors that influence this adherence. Objectives: Our objectives were to identify factors influencing adherence to the guidelines for empiric treatment of CAP, and to evaluate the impact of adherence on outcome. Methods: We studied 1,288 patients with CAP admitted to 13 Spanish hospitals. Collected variables included the patients' clinical and demographic data, initial severity of the disease, antibiotic treatment, and specialty and training status of the prescribing physician. Measurements and Main Results: Adherence to guidelines was high (79.7%), with significant differences between hospitals (range, 47eC97%) and physicians (pneumologists, 81%; pneumology residents, 84%; nonpneumology residents, 82%; other specialists, 67%). The independent factors related to higher adherence were hospital, physician characteristics, and initial high-risk class of Fine, whereas admission to intensive care unit decreased adherence. Seventy-four patients died (6.1%), and treatment failure was found in 175 patients (14.2%). After adjusting for Fine risk class, adherence to the guidelines was found protective for mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3eC0.9) and for treatment failure (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.5eC0.9). Treatment prescribed by pneumologists and residents was associated with lower treatment failure (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4eC0.9). Conclusions: Adherence to guidelines mainly depends on the hospital and the specialty and training status of prescribing physicians. Nonadherence was higher in nonpneumology specialists, and is an independent risk factor for treatment failure and mortality.
Key Words: antibiotic compliance mortality pneumologist resident
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has an incidence of 3 to 5 cases per 1,000 persons, and a mortality of 5 to 15% in hospitalized patients (1). Initial antibiotic treatment is key for the resolution of infection and for prognosis, with higher mortality if the treatment is inappropriate. The difficulty in selecting the appropriate antibiotics arises because CAP can be caused by multiple organisms, which cannot be identified on clinical and radiographic findings, and the conventional microbiological methods have limited sensitivity and specificity (2).
It has been shown that the shorter the time between diagnosis and initiation of treatment, the better the impact on prognosis (3, 4), and this is more effective than to be adequate to results from microbiological tests if this delays treatment (5, 6). Thus, usually the antibiotic treatment is chosen empirically at the time of diagnosis. Evidence-based guidelines have been developed by scientific societies to assist physicians in the selection of antibiotics (7eC9) and to reduce variability in clinical care (10).
Some studies have shown that adherence to guidelines results in reduced need for hospitalization, shorter stays, and lower mortality. Nevertheless, adherence is variable among clinicians (11) and may be due to individual disposition (12, 13). Halm and coworkers (14) identified factors associated with nonadherence to guidelines in the decision of hospitalizing patients with CAP, but there is little information regarding factors that influence adherence to guidelines for the selection of treatment of CAP (13).
The differences in adherence to guidelines between specialists in pneumology and other physicians have not been studied enough, and it is not known if adherence is also influenced by patient characteristics such as comorbid condition or initial severity. This is an important issue because some processes of care for CAP, with an impact on outcome, could be improved (15eC17), and the choice of antibiotic treatment is one of the processes associated with differences in the outcome of hospitalized CAP (18eC20). Efforts should be directed to identify factors that influence the adherence to guidelines to prepare strategies to improve it.
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate adherence to the Spanish guidelines for the empiric antibiotic treatment of CAP, and to identify factors related to compliance with these guidelines. This study analyzed factors associated with the characteristics of the patients, the initial severity of the infection, and the specialty and training status of the prescribing physician. Furthermore, we aimed to study the impact of adherence on treatment failure and mortality. A part of this work has been published as an abstract (21).
METHODS
Design and Study Population
Between October 2000 and April 2001, a multicenter observational prospective study was carried out in 15 Spanish hospitals (22). All hospitals are part of the Spanish National Health System and have a pneumology service. The study cohort comprised nonimmunosupressed adult patients hospitalized because of CAP. (Additional details are provided in the online supplement.)
The attending physician prescribed the initial empiric antibiotic therapy. Compliance with the latest consensus Spanish guidelines from the Sociedad Espanla de Quimioterapia-Sociedad Espanla de Neumologia y Cirugia Toreica (SEQ-SEPAR) (23) was evaluated. Data on the prescribing physician were collected and categorized as follows: pneumologist (4 years' training), other internal medicine specialist, resident in pneumology (undergoing training), or resident in another specialty. Initial empiric treatment was considered to adhere to guidelines when antibiotics were prescribed as follows: in hospitalized patients with CAP, either third-generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone), or amoxycillin-clavulanate combined or not combined with a macrolide, or fluoroquinolone (third or fourth generation) in monotherapy; in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), third- or fourth-generation cephalosporin combined with intravenous macrolide or with intravenous fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin; see Table E1 in the online supplement). All other antibiotic regimens were considered as being nonadherent to guidelines. Outcome variables were treatment failure (22) and mortality. (Additional details are available in the online supplement.)
Data Collection
Demographic and clinical characteristics and analytic data have been described elsewhere (22). For the present study, data for age, sex, prior antibiotic treatment, adherence to guidelines, comorbidity, signs of initial severity, and pneumonia severity index (PSI) or the risk class of Fine and colleagues (24) were analyzed.
Statistical Study
Univariate analysis.
Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS 8.2 software program (SAS, Inc., Cary, NC). Qualitative variables were compared using the 2 test. Differences in quantitative variables were assessed with analysis of variance or with a Kruskal-Wallis test when appropriate. Values of p 0.05 were considered significant. Variables dichotomized for univariate analysis were tachycardia ( 100 beats/minute), tachypnea ( 30 breaths/minute), hypotension (systolic blood pressure 90), and hypoxemia (PaO2 60 mm Hg).
Multivariate analysis.
A logistic regression analysis to predict adherence to guidelines was performed using as independent variables those found significant in univariate analyses (unemployed status, previous antibiotic treatment, confusion, hypotension, admission to ICU, PSI, hospital, and prescribing physician). The PSI was dichotomized as risk class I or greater than I, based on the found overall adherence (70.5% for risk class I and 77eC82% for the rest). Four dummy variables for each prescribing physician were introduced into the model so as to analyze the independent effect of each physician category. Interactions between hospital, physicians, comorbid conditions, and PSI were assessed.
Two logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the impact of adherence and prescribing physician on mortality and treatment failure. The independent variables were as follows: adherence, prescribing physician, and PSI dichotomized as low (Fine risk classes IeCIII) and high (risk classes IVeCV).
The logistic regression analyses were performed with a likelihood ratioeCbased stepwise method. Variables that reached a p value of 0.05 or less were considered significant and their odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The Hosmer and Lemeshow (25) goodness-of-fit test was used to evaluate the adequacy of the models. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were also calculated.
RESULTS
The original study comprised 1,424 patients from 15 Spanish hospitals. Data on the prescribing physician were available for 1,228 patients (additional details provided in the online supplement) who were included in the study. Eighty-six (7%) were admitted to ICU, 74 died (6.1%), and 175 had treatment failure (14.2%). The main demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and PSI scores have been published elsewhere (22).
The initial empiric therapy prescribed on admission was adherent to the SEQ-SEPAR guidelines in 979 patients (79.7%); of those, adherence was 80% in patients hospitalized in the ward (921/1,142), and 67.4% in those admitted to ICU (58/86; p < 0.05). (Additional details on antibiotic regimes are provided in the online supplement). Adherence to guidelines differed between hospitals, with a range of 47 to 97% (see Table E2).
The initial treatment was prescribed as follows: 786 patients (64%) were treated by residents (239 [19%] by a resident in pneumology and 547 [45%] by a resident in other specialties), 244 (20%) by a trained specialist in pneumology, and 198 (16%) by other specialists in internal medicine. In patients hospitalized in ward, adherence to the guidelines with respect to physician was as follows: pneumologists, 187 of 230 patients (81%); pneumology residents, 196 of 231 patients (85%); residents of other specialties, 427 of 524 patients (82%); and other specialists, 111 of 157 patients (71%) adhered to the guidelines (p < 0.05). In patients admitted to ICU, patient adherence was as follows: pneumologists, 10 of 14 patients (71%); pneumology residents, 5 of 8 patients (63%); residents of other specialties, 21 of 23 patients (91%); and other specialists, 22 of 41 patients (54%) adhered to the guidelines (p < 0.05).
Table 1 shows the adherence to guidelines in the whole group stratified according to the characteristics and comorbidities of the patients. We did not find significant differences with regard to age, sex, or tobacco and alcohol intake. Adherence was lower in patients who were unemployed, with confusion, and with hypotension. Table 2 shows the results of adherence stratified by characteristics of the patients as well as the prescribing physician. The presence of comorbidity decreased adherence to guidelines when the treatment was prescribed by a nonpneumology specialist. Adherence with respect to initial severity also showed differences between prescribing physicians: the pneumology specialists and residents had increased adherence to the guidelines in patients with severe CAP (risk class V), whereas in the nonpneumology specialists, this was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased.
Multivariate adherence predictors.
A stepwise regression logistic analysis of 1,134 patients was performed to predict adherence. The independent variables included were unemployed status, previous antibiotic treatment, confusion, hypotension (systolic blood pressure 90), admission to ICU, Fine risk class, hospital, and prescribing physician. Interactions between hospital, physicians, comorbid conditions, and initial severity were assessed and not found. The 2 goodness-of-fit analysis demonstrated the adequacy of the model (p = 0.2). The independent factors related to higher adherence were hospital, physician characteristics, and initial Fine high-risk class, whereas admission to the ICU decreased adherence (Table 3).
Adherence and Outcome: Treatment Failure and Mortality
Univariate statistical analyses.
Seventy-four patients died (6.1%), and treatment failure was found in 175 patients (14.2%). The overall treatment failure (19.7 vs. 13%) and mortality (8.9 vs. 5.4%) were significantly greater in the group of patients treated with schedules nonadherent to the guidelines (Table 4). Adherence reduced treatment failure (unadjusted OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.43eC0.87) and mortality (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35eC0.97). For patients admitted to the ward, treatment failure in the adherent group was 10.9 versus 13.1% in the nonadherent group (p = 0.36), and mortality was 3.9 versus 6.4%, respectively (p = 0.09). In ICU patients who received adherent treatment, treatment failure was 44.8 versus 71.4% (p = 0.02), and mortality was 29.3 versus 29.6%, respectively (p = 0.6; see Table E3 for patients stratified by ICU and non-ICU).
Comparing the prescribing physicians, we found that patients treated by nonpneumology specialists with schemes not adherent to the guidelines showed a greater percentage of treatment failure and death (albeit the latter did not reach statistical significance).
Multivariate analysis.
After adjustment for initial severity, adherence to the guidelines (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.5eC0.9) and treatment prescribed by the pneumologist or the residents were protective against treatment failure, whereas only adherence was protective against mortality (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.3eC0.9; Table 5). The 2 goodness-of-fit analysis demonstrated the adequacy of the model (p = 0.22).
DISCUSSION
The most relevant findings of our study are as follows: (1) adherence to guidelines greatly differs between hospitals and is significantly lower in nonpneumology specialists, (2) patients with confusion and hypotension are treated more often with regimens that do not comply with guidelines, (3) nonpneumology specialists have a lower adherence to the guidelines when treating patients with severe CAP and greater risk for treatment failure, and (4) adherence to the guidelines is an independent protective factor for treatment failure and death.
In our study, 84% of the patients received the initial treatment from a pneumologist or a resident, with a high global adherence to guidelines, although with great differences among hospitals. We have confirmed the large variability in compliance with guidelines between hospitals even in the same country (26). Differences between hospitals prove the heterogeneity in treating CAP and possibly are due to different reasons, such as local epidemiologic peculiarities and, mainly, a shared collective attitude. In the three hospitals where the adherence of pneumologists/pneumology residents was the lowest (Hospitals 6, 9, and 12), the global adherence was also low. This might reflect the effect of nonadherence of pneumologists on the behavior of others physicians. In general, our findings reveal that trained and trainee pneumologists showed a high degree and similar pattern of compliance.
This higher grade of adherence by the pneumologists is probably due to the better access these clinicians have to recommended guidelines, the rapid dissemination of current guidelines, and the capacity for prompt decision by the specialist. Clinicians in the course of their training are also very receptive to the information made available by the scientific societies, and sensitive to the opinions of the experts (14). Clinicians in nonrelated fields use treatment schemes that often do not adhere to the specialist guidelines and, as such, our findings sound the alert regarding lack of adherence when the treatment is provided by clinicians who are not specialists in the patient's specific condition (27).
In some countries, many patients with CAP are treated by general practitioners or other specialists, so there is a need to disseminate and implement guidelines among those physicians. Switzer and colleagues (28) found different and low levels of awareness of guidelines between generalists and even pneumologists. They found that a positive attitude toward guidelines correlated with a higher awareness and adherence more than specialty itself did. Other reasons for nonadherence could include the difficulty in the application of the guidelines in some individual patients.
When analyzing patient characteristics associated with adherence to the guidelines, we found a pattern of behavior, which was similar between the residents and pneumologists, with respect to patient comorbidity and signs of severity of CAP. The presence of concomitant diseases almost doubled the lack of adherence in other specialists, especially in patients with diabetes, or central nervous system and renal disorders, without an evident explanation. These data are important because comorbidity is frequent among hospitalized patients with CAP (29), and is the cause of poor prognosis (30, 31).
Compliance with guidelines was lower in the two extremes of severity of CAP: in the most severe—that is, those admitted to ICU—and in the least severe cases (Fine risk class I). Furthermore, the behavior of physicians was opposite in pneumologists and other specialists in these circumstances: although in severe CAP (Fine risk class V), adherence was higher for pneumology specialists and residents and lower for nonpneumology specialists, the opposite happened in risk class I. This is of considerable note because the former are at very high risk of death, and mortality increases if the prescribed treatment does not adhere to the guidelines. Signs of severity of CAP, such as hypotension and confusion, were associated with lower adherence, especially in nonpneumology specialists. These signs of severity are widely known by pneumologists, and well documented on the severity scales that are commonly used in the management of CAP (24, 32). Our results highlight an area warranting improvement in the management of CAP (33). In countries where patients are treated by nonpneumology specialists, it would be important to confirm our findings to increase the awareness of signs of severity of CAP.
The initial antibiotic treatment is among the processes and outcome measures used to assess the quality of hospital care (34, 35). Several studies have found lower mortality when the antibiotic treatment adheres to guidelines (19, 36eC38). Our results confirm the independent protective effect of adherence to guidelines on mortality and treatment failure. In a prior publication, we found that treatment failure was lower when treatment was adherent, and it was independently associated with fluorquinolone, but the independent effect of the prescribing physician was not analyzed (22). In addition to adherence, when the treatment was prescribed by the pneumologist or residents, the treatment failure was lower. Marrie and coworkers (39) found that clinicians who treat a higher volume of patients with pneumonia achieve better outcomes, which could explain our findings.
The independent effect of adherence on mortality was demonstrated after adjusting by Fine risk class. However, because our study was observational and nonrandomized, possible limitations are that factors not assessed by the Fine risk class, or confounding variables that were not measured, could have influenced the outcome. These could include differences in the characteristics of the hospitals, differences in the management of CAP between hospitals (39), or factors arising during hospitalization. Another limitation is that we don't have a code for the actual medical provider and therefore we cannot perform clustered or hierarchic analyses.
In summary, we found that adherence to guidelines for the empiric treatment of CAP differs considerably between hospitals and prescribing physicians. The pattern of adherence in the residents was similar to that in pneumologists, in relation to comorbidity and severity of CAP. Adherence to guidelines was an independent protective factor for treatment failure and mortality. Our findings identify factors associated with nonadherence, and highlight inefficiencies and heterogeneity in clinical practice. Strategies for achieving better adherence need to be implemented to improve our medical practice.
Investigators in the NEUMOFAIL Research Study Group: Rosale Domenech, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia; Malina Ioanas, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona; Ainhoa Geez Bonilla, Hospital de Cruces, Bilbao; Olga Rajas, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid; Marta Arzola, Hospital Carlos Haya, Meaga; Aguste Valido, Hospital Virgen Macarena de Sevilla; Felipe Andreo, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona; Alicia Leez, Hospital Dr. Negre, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Manuel Brufal, Hospital San Pablo, Barcelona; and Damian Malia, Hospital General de Murcia.
This article has an online supplement, which is accessible from this issue's table of contents at www.atsjournals.org
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