Osteomyelitis Caused by Enterobacter cancerogenus Infection following a Traumatic Injury: Case Report and Review of the Literature
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微生物临床杂志 2005年第3期
Department of Infectious Diseases and Orthopaedic Centre
Traumatologic Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
ABSTRACT
We report a case of osteomyelitis caused by Enterobacter cancerogenus resistant to aminopenicillins in a 56-year-old male who had a motorcycle accident and suffered from multiple bone fractures with abundant environmental exposure. E. cancerogenus has rarely been associated with human infections, and its clinical significance remains unclear.
CASE REPORT
A previously healthy 56-year-old lawyer had a severe motorcycle accident, in which he was thrown onto the ground. He suffered from an open fracture of the proximal third of the right leg, a right acromioclavicular (AC) luxation and multiple fractures in other body parts.
He immediately underwent surgery with reduction and external fixation of the open tibial fracture. A single dose of cefamandole (2 g) given intravenously (i.v.) was administered as prophylaxis at the time of anesthesia. Empirical therapy with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (2.2 g given i.v. every 8 h) and metronidazole (500 mg given i.v. every 8 h) was introduced, starting from the day following the intervention. A week later, another surgery was performed in order to reduce the AC luxation and to insert an external fixator on the right ulna. Metronidazole therapy was stopped after 2 weeks.
Four weeks after admission, while on continued antibiotic treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, the patient started complaining of increasing leg pain, with concomitant appearance of spontaneous purulent drainage from the wound on the anterior tibial side. The patient remained apyretic with normal white blood cells, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 38 mm/h, C-reactive protein level of 8.2 mg/liter (normal values, 0 to 5 mg/liter), and fibrinogen level of 445 mg/dl. An X-ray of the right leg showed that the fracture had not healed.
A swab culture of the purulent wound grew Enterobacter cancerogenus resistant to aminopenicillins (in the presence or absence of -lactamase inhibitor) and to cefazoline: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was therefore stopped, and a new antibiotic regimen consisting of levofloxacin (500 mg given i.v. once a day) plus ceftriaxone (2 g given i.v. once a day) was chosen on the basis of the susceptibility tests.
At the end of the fifth week, the patient underwent extensive debridement with resection of infected and necrotic-appearing areas of the tibial bone. An Ilizarov ring fixator was positioned. E. cancerogenus was cultured again from the bone specimens collected during the operation. The resistance pattern was unchanged from that of the previous isolate, and no change in antibiotic treatment was required. In the following days, the rapid recovery of the lesion allowed the uneventful application of a skin graft. An X-ray showed an overt tendency toward healing, with newly formed bone tissue seen at the site of fracture. Inflammatory markers returned to values in the normal range.
The patient was discharged after 7 weeks of i.v. treatment with levoxacin and ceftriaxone.
The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system in the United States recently reported that nosocomial infections caused by Enterobacter spp. are increasing and a matter of concern (8). This trend has been confirmed all over Europe in the last several years, with Enterobacter spp. accounting for 8% of the microorganisms isolated from intensive care units (15).
At this time, there are 13 recognized species in the genus Enterobacter. Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter aerogenes are routinely isolated from human clinical specimens, while the other species are mostly isolated from environmental or vegetal sources (5). Enterobacter cancerogenus is one of the five new species identified over the last few years. Originally designated enteric group 19 and first ascribed to the genus Erwinia, it has been transferred to the genus Enterobacter as a senior synonym of Enterobacter taylorae when extensive taxonomic investigations revealed its genetic identity to a microorganism identified by Urosvi in 1966 and named Erwinia cancerogena (6). E. cancerogenus is a lactose-fermenting rod. E. cancerogenus has a DNA relatedness of 61% to E. cloacae and differs from it mostly by being ornithine decarboxylase negative and D-arabinose positive.
E. cancerogenus exhibits natural resistance to aminopenicillins (i.e., amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) and/or to narrow- and expanded-spectrum cephalosporins (i.e., cefaclor, cefazoline, loracarbef, and cefoxitin). The -lactam phenotype of E. cancerogenus is similar to that expressed by other well-known Enterobacter spp. and indicates the presence of chromosomally encoded AmpC -lactamases (Amber class C -lactamases) (3, 12, 14).
In agreement with our finding, Pitout et al. found inducible AmpC -lactamases in all E. cancerogenus strains examined (n = 6), with isoelectric point (pI) values of >9, suggesting an enzyme similar to those found in the same study in wild-type strains of E. cloacae complex (pIs 8.0 to >9) and E. aerogenes (pIs 8.4 to 8.8) (9).
The constitutive hyperproduction of AmpC is of major concern, since it confers resistance to most -lactam antibiotics, sparing only carbapenems and, amongst cephalosporins, only cefepime. This phenotype commonly results from selective antibiotic pressure, and Enterobacter isolates resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins are becoming a matter of concern for the possibility of transmitting antibiotic resistance from one microorganism to another worldwide. Outbreaks of infections due to Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring plasmid-encoded cephalosporinases and the spread of this resistance mechanism to bacterial species naturally susceptible to cephamycins have been reported (4).
So far, E. cancerogenus has been rarely found associated with human infections, and only a few cases of acute or chronic illnesses have been identified: E. cancerogenus infections seem to occur mostly in the setting of contaminated wounds, even if other exposures have been reported (Table 1).
The aim of our brief report is primarily to contribute to the understanding of E. cancerogenus infections, to the knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic options. In this case, the history of an open fracture following a crush injury suggests an environmental, rather than nosocomial, source of the organism: indeed, E. cancerogenus is generally recovered from environmental or vegetal sources and is considered mostly phytopathogenic (1). Our strain displayed an antibiotic susceptibility pattern similar to previously reported patterns (10, 11, 13, 16) and was capable of causing the same morbidity as other Enterobacter spp. or gram-negative bacteria that cause acute osteomyelitis. Note that this patient had an inappropriate 4-week antibiotic therapy administered before E. cancerogenus grew in culture from a swab and the in vitro susceptibility test was available. In conclusion, we suggest that an E. cancerogenus infection should be considered in patients with traumatic injuries and secondary infection with a microorganism identified as an Enterobacter species, especially when treatment with aminopenicillin is unsuccessful or when wound environmental contamination is plausible.
REFERENCES
Abbott, S. 1999. Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Serratia, p. 475-480. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, M. A. Pfaller, F. C. Tenover, and R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of clinical microbiology, 7th ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
Abbott, S. L., and J. M. Janda. 1997. Enterobacter cancerogenus ("Enterobacter taylorae") infections associated with severe trauma or crush injuries. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 107:359-361.
Ambler, R. P. 1980. The structure of L-lactamases. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 289:321-331.
Bradford, P. A., C. Urban, N. Mariano, S. J. Projan, J. J. Rahal, and K. Bush. 1997. Imipenem resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with the combination of ACT-1, a plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase, and the loss of an outer membrane protein. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:563-569.
Dickey, R. S., and C. H. Zummoff. 1988. Emended description of Enterobacter cancerogenus comb. nov. (formerly Erwinia cancerogena). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38:371-374.
Farmer, J. J., III, G. R. Fanning, B. R. Davis, C. M. O'Hara, C. Riddle, F. W. Hickman-Brenner, M. A. Asbury, V. A. Lowery III, and D. J. Brenner. 1985. Escherichia fergusonii and Enterobacter taylorae, two new species of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:77-81.
Martinez, J., M. Toval, and L. F. Colomo. 1994. 3 new cases of Enterobacter taylorae infection. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. 12:289-292.
National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. 2003. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System report. Data summary from January 1992 through June 2003, issued August 2003. Am. J. Infect. Control 31:481-498.
Pitout, J. D., E. S. Moland, C. C. Sanders, K. S. Thomson, and S. R. Fitzsimmons. 1997. -Lactamases and detection of -lactam resistance in Enterobacter spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:35-39.
Reina, J., F. Salva, J. Gil, and P. Alomar. 1989. Urinary tract infection caused by Enterobacter taylorae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:2877.
Reina, J., and P. Alomar. 1989. Enterobacter taylorae wound infection. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 11:134-135.
Rottman, M., Y. Benzerara, B. Hanau-Bercot, C. Bizet, A. Philippon, and G. Arlet. 2002. Chromosomal ampC genes in Enterobacter species other than Enterobacter cloacae, and ancestral association of ACT-1 plasmid-encoded cephalosporinase to Enterobacter asburiae. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 210:87-92.
Rubinstien, E. R., P. Klevjer-Anderson, C. A. Smith, M. T. Drouin, and J. E. Patterson. 1993. Enterobacter taylorae, a new opportunistic pathogen: report of four cases J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:249-254.
Stock, I., and B. Wiedemann. 2002. Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Enterobacter amnigenus, Enterobacter cancerogenus, Enterobacter gergoviae and Enterobacter sakazakii strains. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 8:564-578.
Verbist, L., et al. 1993. Epidemiology and sensitivity of 8625 ICU and hematology/oncology bacterial isolates in Europe. Scand J. Infect. Dis. Suppl. 91:14-24.
Westblom, T. U., and M. E. Coggins. 1987. Osteomyelitis caused by Enterobacter taylorae, formerly enteric group 19. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:2432-2433.(S. Garazzino, A. Aprato, )
Traumatologic Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
ABSTRACT
We report a case of osteomyelitis caused by Enterobacter cancerogenus resistant to aminopenicillins in a 56-year-old male who had a motorcycle accident and suffered from multiple bone fractures with abundant environmental exposure. E. cancerogenus has rarely been associated with human infections, and its clinical significance remains unclear.
CASE REPORT
A previously healthy 56-year-old lawyer had a severe motorcycle accident, in which he was thrown onto the ground. He suffered from an open fracture of the proximal third of the right leg, a right acromioclavicular (AC) luxation and multiple fractures in other body parts.
He immediately underwent surgery with reduction and external fixation of the open tibial fracture. A single dose of cefamandole (2 g) given intravenously (i.v.) was administered as prophylaxis at the time of anesthesia. Empirical therapy with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (2.2 g given i.v. every 8 h) and metronidazole (500 mg given i.v. every 8 h) was introduced, starting from the day following the intervention. A week later, another surgery was performed in order to reduce the AC luxation and to insert an external fixator on the right ulna. Metronidazole therapy was stopped after 2 weeks.
Four weeks after admission, while on continued antibiotic treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, the patient started complaining of increasing leg pain, with concomitant appearance of spontaneous purulent drainage from the wound on the anterior tibial side. The patient remained apyretic with normal white blood cells, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 38 mm/h, C-reactive protein level of 8.2 mg/liter (normal values, 0 to 5 mg/liter), and fibrinogen level of 445 mg/dl. An X-ray of the right leg showed that the fracture had not healed.
A swab culture of the purulent wound grew Enterobacter cancerogenus resistant to aminopenicillins (in the presence or absence of -lactamase inhibitor) and to cefazoline: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was therefore stopped, and a new antibiotic regimen consisting of levofloxacin (500 mg given i.v. once a day) plus ceftriaxone (2 g given i.v. once a day) was chosen on the basis of the susceptibility tests.
At the end of the fifth week, the patient underwent extensive debridement with resection of infected and necrotic-appearing areas of the tibial bone. An Ilizarov ring fixator was positioned. E. cancerogenus was cultured again from the bone specimens collected during the operation. The resistance pattern was unchanged from that of the previous isolate, and no change in antibiotic treatment was required. In the following days, the rapid recovery of the lesion allowed the uneventful application of a skin graft. An X-ray showed an overt tendency toward healing, with newly formed bone tissue seen at the site of fracture. Inflammatory markers returned to values in the normal range.
The patient was discharged after 7 weeks of i.v. treatment with levoxacin and ceftriaxone.
The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system in the United States recently reported that nosocomial infections caused by Enterobacter spp. are increasing and a matter of concern (8). This trend has been confirmed all over Europe in the last several years, with Enterobacter spp. accounting for 8% of the microorganisms isolated from intensive care units (15).
At this time, there are 13 recognized species in the genus Enterobacter. Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter aerogenes are routinely isolated from human clinical specimens, while the other species are mostly isolated from environmental or vegetal sources (5). Enterobacter cancerogenus is one of the five new species identified over the last few years. Originally designated enteric group 19 and first ascribed to the genus Erwinia, it has been transferred to the genus Enterobacter as a senior synonym of Enterobacter taylorae when extensive taxonomic investigations revealed its genetic identity to a microorganism identified by Urosvi in 1966 and named Erwinia cancerogena (6). E. cancerogenus is a lactose-fermenting rod. E. cancerogenus has a DNA relatedness of 61% to E. cloacae and differs from it mostly by being ornithine decarboxylase negative and D-arabinose positive.
E. cancerogenus exhibits natural resistance to aminopenicillins (i.e., amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) and/or to narrow- and expanded-spectrum cephalosporins (i.e., cefaclor, cefazoline, loracarbef, and cefoxitin). The -lactam phenotype of E. cancerogenus is similar to that expressed by other well-known Enterobacter spp. and indicates the presence of chromosomally encoded AmpC -lactamases (Amber class C -lactamases) (3, 12, 14).
In agreement with our finding, Pitout et al. found inducible AmpC -lactamases in all E. cancerogenus strains examined (n = 6), with isoelectric point (pI) values of >9, suggesting an enzyme similar to those found in the same study in wild-type strains of E. cloacae complex (pIs 8.0 to >9) and E. aerogenes (pIs 8.4 to 8.8) (9).
The constitutive hyperproduction of AmpC is of major concern, since it confers resistance to most -lactam antibiotics, sparing only carbapenems and, amongst cephalosporins, only cefepime. This phenotype commonly results from selective antibiotic pressure, and Enterobacter isolates resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins are becoming a matter of concern for the possibility of transmitting antibiotic resistance from one microorganism to another worldwide. Outbreaks of infections due to Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring plasmid-encoded cephalosporinases and the spread of this resistance mechanism to bacterial species naturally susceptible to cephamycins have been reported (4).
So far, E. cancerogenus has been rarely found associated with human infections, and only a few cases of acute or chronic illnesses have been identified: E. cancerogenus infections seem to occur mostly in the setting of contaminated wounds, even if other exposures have been reported (Table 1).
The aim of our brief report is primarily to contribute to the understanding of E. cancerogenus infections, to the knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic options. In this case, the history of an open fracture following a crush injury suggests an environmental, rather than nosocomial, source of the organism: indeed, E. cancerogenus is generally recovered from environmental or vegetal sources and is considered mostly phytopathogenic (1). Our strain displayed an antibiotic susceptibility pattern similar to previously reported patterns (10, 11, 13, 16) and was capable of causing the same morbidity as other Enterobacter spp. or gram-negative bacteria that cause acute osteomyelitis. Note that this patient had an inappropriate 4-week antibiotic therapy administered before E. cancerogenus grew in culture from a swab and the in vitro susceptibility test was available. In conclusion, we suggest that an E. cancerogenus infection should be considered in patients with traumatic injuries and secondary infection with a microorganism identified as an Enterobacter species, especially when treatment with aminopenicillin is unsuccessful or when wound environmental contamination is plausible.
REFERENCES
Abbott, S. 1999. Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Serratia, p. 475-480. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, M. A. Pfaller, F. C. Tenover, and R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of clinical microbiology, 7th ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
Abbott, S. L., and J. M. Janda. 1997. Enterobacter cancerogenus ("Enterobacter taylorae") infections associated with severe trauma or crush injuries. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 107:359-361.
Ambler, R. P. 1980. The structure of L-lactamases. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 289:321-331.
Bradford, P. A., C. Urban, N. Mariano, S. J. Projan, J. J. Rahal, and K. Bush. 1997. Imipenem resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with the combination of ACT-1, a plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase, and the loss of an outer membrane protein. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:563-569.
Dickey, R. S., and C. H. Zummoff. 1988. Emended description of Enterobacter cancerogenus comb. nov. (formerly Erwinia cancerogena). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38:371-374.
Farmer, J. J., III, G. R. Fanning, B. R. Davis, C. M. O'Hara, C. Riddle, F. W. Hickman-Brenner, M. A. Asbury, V. A. Lowery III, and D. J. Brenner. 1985. Escherichia fergusonii and Enterobacter taylorae, two new species of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:77-81.
Martinez, J., M. Toval, and L. F. Colomo. 1994. 3 new cases of Enterobacter taylorae infection. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. 12:289-292.
National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. 2003. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System report. Data summary from January 1992 through June 2003, issued August 2003. Am. J. Infect. Control 31:481-498.
Pitout, J. D., E. S. Moland, C. C. Sanders, K. S. Thomson, and S. R. Fitzsimmons. 1997. -Lactamases and detection of -lactam resistance in Enterobacter spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:35-39.
Reina, J., F. Salva, J. Gil, and P. Alomar. 1989. Urinary tract infection caused by Enterobacter taylorae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:2877.
Reina, J., and P. Alomar. 1989. Enterobacter taylorae wound infection. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 11:134-135.
Rottman, M., Y. Benzerara, B. Hanau-Bercot, C. Bizet, A. Philippon, and G. Arlet. 2002. Chromosomal ampC genes in Enterobacter species other than Enterobacter cloacae, and ancestral association of ACT-1 plasmid-encoded cephalosporinase to Enterobacter asburiae. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 210:87-92.
Rubinstien, E. R., P. Klevjer-Anderson, C. A. Smith, M. T. Drouin, and J. E. Patterson. 1993. Enterobacter taylorae, a new opportunistic pathogen: report of four cases J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:249-254.
Stock, I., and B. Wiedemann. 2002. Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Enterobacter amnigenus, Enterobacter cancerogenus, Enterobacter gergoviae and Enterobacter sakazakii strains. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 8:564-578.
Verbist, L., et al. 1993. Epidemiology and sensitivity of 8625 ICU and hematology/oncology bacterial isolates in Europe. Scand J. Infect. Dis. Suppl. 91:14-24.
Westblom, T. U., and M. E. Coggins. 1987. Osteomyelitis caused by Enterobacter taylorae, formerly enteric group 19. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:2432-2433.(S. Garazzino, A. Aprato, )