Temperature sensitive oculocutaneous albinism associated with missense changes in the tyrosinase gene
http://www.100md.com
《英国眼科学杂志》
1 Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
2 Department of Ophthalmology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital Trust, Cambridge, UK
3 Institute of Ophthalmology and Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
4 Academic Unit of Medical Genetics, St Mary’s Hospital and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
Correspondence to:
Professor Dorothy Trump
Academic Unit of Medical Genetics, St Mary’s Hospital, Hathersage Road, Manchester M13 0JH, UK; dorothy.trump@manchester.ac.uk
Accepted for publication 18 April 2005
Keywords: oculocutaneous albinism; missense; tyrosinase gene
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) describes a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterised by reduced or absent pigmentation of the eye, skin, and hair as a result of a congenital reduction in melanin synthesis. Additional findings in the eye include decreased visual acuity, nystagmus, iris transillumination, hypopigmentation of the uveal tract and retinal pigment epithelium, foveal hypoplasia, and abnormal decussation of the optic nerve fibres at the optic chiasm leading to a lack of binocular vision.1,2 Type I OCA results from mutations in the tyrosinase gene and leads to either total absence of tyrosinase activity (OCA Ia) associated with absence of pigmentation ("tyrosinase negative"), or a marked reduction in tyrosine activity (OCA Ib) associated with reduced pigmentation ("tyrosinase positive" or "yellow albinism"). We report a new case of the rare variant temperature sensitive albinism and our identification of missense mutations in the tyrosinase gene, not previously found in this form of albinism.
Case report
The patient, a 31 year old woman, was referred to us for genetic advice. She had originally presented at 6 weeks old with nystagmus and white hair; her parents both have dark hair and olive skin. The diagnosis of oculocutaneous albinism was made at 9 months. As she grew older the hair of her head darkened and, particularly in her teens, the hair on her lower legs and forearms darkened. As an adult she has light blonde hair, darker eye lashes and eyebrows, white axillary and pubic hair, but strongly pigmented hair on forearms and lower legs (fig 1). When examined in the clinic she had reduced visual acuity (6/36 bilaterally), marked iris translucency, and an albinotic retina with foveal hypolasia bilaterally. Visually evoked potential revealed crossed asymmetry consistent with oculocutaneous albinism. We made a diagnosis of temperature sensitive albinism and searched for mutations in the tyrosinase gene. Blood was taken, with informed consent, from the patient and her parents and DNA extracted using standard techniques. Using polymerase chain reaction we amplified each of her tyrosinase gene exons3 and sequenced the entire coding region and intron-exon boundaries. Our patient did not have the R422Q mutation previously reported in patients with this phenotype and also did not have two other mutations known to be temperature sensitive.4 We did identify two missense mutations: R217Q and A355P, in exons 1 and 3 respectively (fig 2). The exon 1 mutation had been inherited from her mother and the exon 3 mutation from her father. R217Q has been previously reported in OCA1,5 and A355P in OCA1b in a patient with "little apparent pigmentation" but with no description of the distribution of the pigmentation.6 Neither has previously been associated with a temperature sensitive phenotype.
Figure 1 Clinical photographs of patient. Note the yellow blonde hair, dark eyebrows, and strongly pigmented forearm hair. (Photograph reproduced with permission of the patient.)
Figure 2 Mutations in tyrosinase gene.
Comment
Temperature sensitive albinism is a rare variant, first described in 19911 and subsequently associated with a particular missense mutation in the tyrosinase gene.1 The mutation, R422Q, results in a temperature sensitive trafficking defect preventing the translocation of the mutant tyrosinase into melanosomes.4 Thus, at 37°C mutant R422Q tyrosinase is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and degraded by proteasomes and no pigment is produced. At lower temperatures (31°C) the enzyme can be successfully translocated into the melanosomes and can produce pigment. This leads to a phenotype reminiscent of the Siamese cat with no pigment centrally but pigmentation develops in the peripheries (lower legs and forearms).
Our patient is heterozygous for missense mutations in the tyrosinase gene that have both previously been reported in OCA1 but neither with a temperature sensitive phenotype. We are not aware of other patients with this particular combination of mutations. It has been shown that co-expression of wild type tyrosinase can correct the mutant conformation in temperature sensitive alleles such that exit from the endoplasmic reticulum and complex carbohydrate processing in the Golgi is promoted even at the non-permissive temperature.7 It may be that one of the mutant alleles identified in our patient modulates the expression of the other, revealing its temperature sensitive nature whereas coexpression with a different allele may give no residual activity. Alternatively, this phenotype may be much commoner than previously thought. To date there have been no studies of function or response to temperature variation of these particular mutant forms of tyrosinase. In light of the phenotype we describe here these studies would be valuable. Furthermore, it is not unusual for patients with albinism to report development of some pigmentation with age and it would be interesting to review other patients with these mutations. Unless patients with albinism are reviewed later in life this developing phenotype will not be noted.
References
King RA, Jackson IJ, Oetting WS. Human albinism and mouse models. In: Wright AF, Jay B, eds. Molecular genetics of inherited eye disorders. New York: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1994;89–122,.
Abrams LS, Traboulsi E. Albinism. In: Traboulsi E, ed. Genetic diseases of the eye. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998;697–722,.
Giebel LB, Strunk KM, Spritz RA. Organization and nucleotide sequences of the human tyrosinase gene and a truncated tyrosinase-related segment. Genomics 1991;9:435–45.
Toyofuku K, Wada I, Spritz RA, et al. The molecular basis of oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1): sorting failure and degradation of mutant tyrosinases results in a lack of pigmentation. Biochem J 2001;355 (Pt 2) :259–69.
Oetting WS, King RA. Molecular analysis of type I-A (tyrosinase negative) oculocutaneous albinism. Hum Genet 1992;90:258–62.
Spritz RA, Oh J, Fukai K, et al. Novel mutations of the tyrosinase (TYR) gene in type I oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1). Hum Mutat 1997;10:171–4.
Halaban R, Cheng E, Hebert DN. Coexpression of wild-type tyrosinase enhances maturation of temperature-sensitive tyrosinase mutants. J Invest Dermatol 2002;119:481–8.(T Wang1,4, C T Waters1, T)
2 Department of Ophthalmology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital Trust, Cambridge, UK
3 Institute of Ophthalmology and Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
4 Academic Unit of Medical Genetics, St Mary’s Hospital and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
Correspondence to:
Professor Dorothy Trump
Academic Unit of Medical Genetics, St Mary’s Hospital, Hathersage Road, Manchester M13 0JH, UK; dorothy.trump@manchester.ac.uk
Accepted for publication 18 April 2005
Keywords: oculocutaneous albinism; missense; tyrosinase gene
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) describes a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterised by reduced or absent pigmentation of the eye, skin, and hair as a result of a congenital reduction in melanin synthesis. Additional findings in the eye include decreased visual acuity, nystagmus, iris transillumination, hypopigmentation of the uveal tract and retinal pigment epithelium, foveal hypoplasia, and abnormal decussation of the optic nerve fibres at the optic chiasm leading to a lack of binocular vision.1,2 Type I OCA results from mutations in the tyrosinase gene and leads to either total absence of tyrosinase activity (OCA Ia) associated with absence of pigmentation ("tyrosinase negative"), or a marked reduction in tyrosine activity (OCA Ib) associated with reduced pigmentation ("tyrosinase positive" or "yellow albinism"). We report a new case of the rare variant temperature sensitive albinism and our identification of missense mutations in the tyrosinase gene, not previously found in this form of albinism.
Case report
The patient, a 31 year old woman, was referred to us for genetic advice. She had originally presented at 6 weeks old with nystagmus and white hair; her parents both have dark hair and olive skin. The diagnosis of oculocutaneous albinism was made at 9 months. As she grew older the hair of her head darkened and, particularly in her teens, the hair on her lower legs and forearms darkened. As an adult she has light blonde hair, darker eye lashes and eyebrows, white axillary and pubic hair, but strongly pigmented hair on forearms and lower legs (fig 1). When examined in the clinic she had reduced visual acuity (6/36 bilaterally), marked iris translucency, and an albinotic retina with foveal hypolasia bilaterally. Visually evoked potential revealed crossed asymmetry consistent with oculocutaneous albinism. We made a diagnosis of temperature sensitive albinism and searched for mutations in the tyrosinase gene. Blood was taken, with informed consent, from the patient and her parents and DNA extracted using standard techniques. Using polymerase chain reaction we amplified each of her tyrosinase gene exons3 and sequenced the entire coding region and intron-exon boundaries. Our patient did not have the R422Q mutation previously reported in patients with this phenotype and also did not have two other mutations known to be temperature sensitive.4 We did identify two missense mutations: R217Q and A355P, in exons 1 and 3 respectively (fig 2). The exon 1 mutation had been inherited from her mother and the exon 3 mutation from her father. R217Q has been previously reported in OCA1,5 and A355P in OCA1b in a patient with "little apparent pigmentation" but with no description of the distribution of the pigmentation.6 Neither has previously been associated with a temperature sensitive phenotype.
Figure 1 Clinical photographs of patient. Note the yellow blonde hair, dark eyebrows, and strongly pigmented forearm hair. (Photograph reproduced with permission of the patient.)
Figure 2 Mutations in tyrosinase gene.
Comment
Temperature sensitive albinism is a rare variant, first described in 19911 and subsequently associated with a particular missense mutation in the tyrosinase gene.1 The mutation, R422Q, results in a temperature sensitive trafficking defect preventing the translocation of the mutant tyrosinase into melanosomes.4 Thus, at 37°C mutant R422Q tyrosinase is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and degraded by proteasomes and no pigment is produced. At lower temperatures (31°C) the enzyme can be successfully translocated into the melanosomes and can produce pigment. This leads to a phenotype reminiscent of the Siamese cat with no pigment centrally but pigmentation develops in the peripheries (lower legs and forearms).
Our patient is heterozygous for missense mutations in the tyrosinase gene that have both previously been reported in OCA1 but neither with a temperature sensitive phenotype. We are not aware of other patients with this particular combination of mutations. It has been shown that co-expression of wild type tyrosinase can correct the mutant conformation in temperature sensitive alleles such that exit from the endoplasmic reticulum and complex carbohydrate processing in the Golgi is promoted even at the non-permissive temperature.7 It may be that one of the mutant alleles identified in our patient modulates the expression of the other, revealing its temperature sensitive nature whereas coexpression with a different allele may give no residual activity. Alternatively, this phenotype may be much commoner than previously thought. To date there have been no studies of function or response to temperature variation of these particular mutant forms of tyrosinase. In light of the phenotype we describe here these studies would be valuable. Furthermore, it is not unusual for patients with albinism to report development of some pigmentation with age and it would be interesting to review other patients with these mutations. Unless patients with albinism are reviewed later in life this developing phenotype will not be noted.
References
King RA, Jackson IJ, Oetting WS. Human albinism and mouse models. In: Wright AF, Jay B, eds. Molecular genetics of inherited eye disorders. New York: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1994;89–122,.
Abrams LS, Traboulsi E. Albinism. In: Traboulsi E, ed. Genetic diseases of the eye. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998;697–722,.
Giebel LB, Strunk KM, Spritz RA. Organization and nucleotide sequences of the human tyrosinase gene and a truncated tyrosinase-related segment. Genomics 1991;9:435–45.
Toyofuku K, Wada I, Spritz RA, et al. The molecular basis of oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1): sorting failure and degradation of mutant tyrosinases results in a lack of pigmentation. Biochem J 2001;355 (Pt 2) :259–69.
Oetting WS, King RA. Molecular analysis of type I-A (tyrosinase negative) oculocutaneous albinism. Hum Genet 1992;90:258–62.
Spritz RA, Oh J, Fukai K, et al. Novel mutations of the tyrosinase (TYR) gene in type I oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1). Hum Mutat 1997;10:171–4.
Halaban R, Cheng E, Hebert DN. Coexpression of wild-type tyrosinase enhances maturation of temperature-sensitive tyrosinase mutants. J Invest Dermatol 2002;119:481–8.(T Wang1,4, C T Waters1, T)