Voriconazole Susceptibilities of Dermatophyte Isolates Obtained from a Worldwide Tinea Capitis Clinical Trial
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《微生物临床杂志》
Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals of Cleveland/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
Pfizer, Inc., New York, New York
ABSTRACT
In this study, the voriconazole susceptibilities of dermatophyte isolates obtained from a worldwide tinea capitis trial were compared to their susceptibilities to fluconazole and griseofulvin. The MIC ranges of voriconazole, fluconazole, and griseofulvin, were 0.002 to 0.06 μg/ml, 0.25 to 32 μg/ml, and 0.125 to 2.0 μg/ml, respectively.
TEXT
Tinea capitis, a dermatophyte infection of the scalp caused mainly by Trichophyton and Microsporum species, remains common among the pediatric population. Recently, this disease has been recognized as an important public health problem in the United States with 13% of school children, especially those of African-American descent, testing positive for dermatophytes (6). The traditional antifungal agent for the treatment of tinea capitis has been griseofulvin, which is currently the only drug approved by the FDA for this application. However, compliance with griseofulvin therapy is generally low because of unpleasant taste (4) and over the years, higher doses and longer courses of treatment with this agent have been required for a successful outcome (5, 9). Thus, there is a need for more effective agents to treat tinea capitis.
To date, our knowledge of the susceptibility patterns of dermatophytes causing tinea capitis is lacking, possibly because a reference method to determine the antifungal susceptibility of dermatophytes has not been established until recently. Under the auspices of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, formerly NCCLS), our group, in collaboration with seven other laboratories, developed a method to determine the susceptibility of dermatophytes to various antifungals (8, 10) and has shown that this method has good inter- and intralaboratory agreement (7).
In this study, the voriconazole susceptibility profile of the baseline isolates (n = 817) collected from subjects enrolled in a large multinational tinea capitis clinical trial was determined by this new method. Patients enrolled in the trial come from different geographical regions of the world, including the United States, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Chile, Costa Rica, and India. As expected, Trichophyton tonsurans was the predominant dermatophyte isolated from patients from U.S. sites. Isolates from Central and South American sites were predominantly Microsporum canis, while those from India were predominantly Trichophyton violaceum.
All isolates were identified to the genus and species levels by colonial and microscopic characteristics, as well as standard biochemical tests. Isolates, including T. tonsurans (n = 718), T. violaceum (n = 13), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (n = 1), M. canis (n = 83), and Microsporum gypseum (n = 2), were frozen at –80°C and batched for susceptibility testing. Isolates were subcultured onto potato dextrose agar (Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH) and incubated at 30°C until good conidiation was achieved, usually within 7 days. T. violaceum isolates characteristically form compact colonies with numerous chlamydospores and no conidia. In order to obtain conidia for susceptibility testing, we used the method of Ogasawara et al. (11), incubating the T. violaceum colonies for 6 weeks or longer until conidium-bearing white fluffy colonies appeared on the surface of the original growth. Conidia were harvested to sterile saline by swabbing the colony surface with a sterile swab and were allowed to settle for 10 to 15 min. Conidium counts were standardized with a hemacytometer, and the suspension was adjusted to 1 x 103 to 3 x 103 conidia/ml in RPMI 1640 medium buffered with MOPS [3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid; Hardy Diagnostics, Santa Maria, CA]. Antifungal powders were reconstituted and serial dilutions were prepared in accordance with CLSI M38A methodology (3). Serial dilutions of drug (0.001 to 0.5 μg/ml for voriconazole and 0.125 to 64 μg/ml for fluconazole and griseofulvin) and inoculum were combined in 96-well round-bottom microtiter plates and incubated at 35°C for 4 days. The MIC endpoint was defined as the lowest concentration to inhibit 80% of fungal growth compared to the growth control. Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 and Candida krusei ATCC 6258 were included as controls.
In conclusion, our data showed that (i) voriconazole demonstrated potent antifungal activity against all isolates and (ii) the voriconazole susceptibility of dermatophyte isolates obtained from U.S. sites was similar to that from non-U.S. sites, indicating that there is no difference in voriconazole susceptibility within the dermatophyte species obtained worldwide. However, to confirm this conclusion, a larger number of dermatophytes from non-U.S. sites should be tested. The susceptibilities of fluconazole and griseofulvin were also similar among geographic locations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY.
This study was made possible by the fine technical work of Veronica Catalano and Jona Matevish.
FOOTNOTES
REFERENCES
Barry, A. L., M. A. Pfaller, R. P. Rennie, P. C. Fuchs, and S. D. Brown. 2002. Precision and accuracy of fluconazole susceptibility testing by broth microdilution, Etest, and disk diffusion methods. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:1781-1784.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2001. Development of in vitro susceptibility testing criteria and quality control parameters; approved guideline—second edition. CLSI document M23-A2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, Pa.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2002. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi; approved standard. CLSI document M38-A. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, Pa.
Elewski, B. 1999. Treatment of tinea capitis: beyond griseofulvin. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 40(6, Pt. 2):S27-S30.
Foster, K. W., S. F. Friedlander, H. Panzer, M. A. Ghannoum, and B. E. Elewski. 2005. A randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of fluconazole in the treatment of pediatric tinea capitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 53(5):798-809.
Ghannoum, M., N. Isham, R. Hajjeh, M. Cano, F. Al-Hasawi, D. Yearick, J. Warner, L. Long, C. Jessup, and B. Elewski. 2003. Tinea capitis in Cleveland: survey of elementary school students. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 48(2):189-193.
Ghannoum, M. A., V. Chaturvedi, A. Espinel-Ingroff, M. A. Pfaller, M. G. Rinaldi, W. Lee-Yang, and D. W. Warnock. 2004. Intra- and interlaboratory study of a method for testing the antifungal susceptibilities of dermatophytes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:2977-2979.
Jessup, C. J., J. Warner, N. Isham, I. Hasan, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2000. Antifungal susceptibility testing of dermatophytes: establishing a medium for inducing conidial growth and evaluation of susceptibility of clinical isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:341-344.
Mohrenschlager, M., H. P. Seidl, J. Ring, and D. Abeck. 2005. Pediatric tinea capitis: recognition and management. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 6(4):203-213.
Norris, H. A., B. E. Elewski, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1999. Optimal growth conditions for the determination of the antifungal susceptibility of three species of dermatophytes with the use of a microdilution method. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 40(6, Pt. 2):S9-S13.
Ogasawara, Y., J. Hara, M. Hiruma, and M. Muto. 2004. A case of black dot ringworm attributable to Trichophyton violaceum: a simple method for identifying macroconidia and microconidia formation by Fungi-Tape and MycoPerm-Blue. J. Dermatol. 31(5):424-427.(M. Ghannoum, N. Isham, an)
Pfizer, Inc., New York, New York
ABSTRACT
In this study, the voriconazole susceptibilities of dermatophyte isolates obtained from a worldwide tinea capitis trial were compared to their susceptibilities to fluconazole and griseofulvin. The MIC ranges of voriconazole, fluconazole, and griseofulvin, were 0.002 to 0.06 μg/ml, 0.25 to 32 μg/ml, and 0.125 to 2.0 μg/ml, respectively.
TEXT
Tinea capitis, a dermatophyte infection of the scalp caused mainly by Trichophyton and Microsporum species, remains common among the pediatric population. Recently, this disease has been recognized as an important public health problem in the United States with 13% of school children, especially those of African-American descent, testing positive for dermatophytes (6). The traditional antifungal agent for the treatment of tinea capitis has been griseofulvin, which is currently the only drug approved by the FDA for this application. However, compliance with griseofulvin therapy is generally low because of unpleasant taste (4) and over the years, higher doses and longer courses of treatment with this agent have been required for a successful outcome (5, 9). Thus, there is a need for more effective agents to treat tinea capitis.
To date, our knowledge of the susceptibility patterns of dermatophytes causing tinea capitis is lacking, possibly because a reference method to determine the antifungal susceptibility of dermatophytes has not been established until recently. Under the auspices of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, formerly NCCLS), our group, in collaboration with seven other laboratories, developed a method to determine the susceptibility of dermatophytes to various antifungals (8, 10) and has shown that this method has good inter- and intralaboratory agreement (7).
In this study, the voriconazole susceptibility profile of the baseline isolates (n = 817) collected from subjects enrolled in a large multinational tinea capitis clinical trial was determined by this new method. Patients enrolled in the trial come from different geographical regions of the world, including the United States, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Chile, Costa Rica, and India. As expected, Trichophyton tonsurans was the predominant dermatophyte isolated from patients from U.S. sites. Isolates from Central and South American sites were predominantly Microsporum canis, while those from India were predominantly Trichophyton violaceum.
All isolates were identified to the genus and species levels by colonial and microscopic characteristics, as well as standard biochemical tests. Isolates, including T. tonsurans (n = 718), T. violaceum (n = 13), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (n = 1), M. canis (n = 83), and Microsporum gypseum (n = 2), were frozen at –80°C and batched for susceptibility testing. Isolates were subcultured onto potato dextrose agar (Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH) and incubated at 30°C until good conidiation was achieved, usually within 7 days. T. violaceum isolates characteristically form compact colonies with numerous chlamydospores and no conidia. In order to obtain conidia for susceptibility testing, we used the method of Ogasawara et al. (11), incubating the T. violaceum colonies for 6 weeks or longer until conidium-bearing white fluffy colonies appeared on the surface of the original growth. Conidia were harvested to sterile saline by swabbing the colony surface with a sterile swab and were allowed to settle for 10 to 15 min. Conidium counts were standardized with a hemacytometer, and the suspension was adjusted to 1 x 103 to 3 x 103 conidia/ml in RPMI 1640 medium buffered with MOPS [3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid; Hardy Diagnostics, Santa Maria, CA]. Antifungal powders were reconstituted and serial dilutions were prepared in accordance with CLSI M38A methodology (3). Serial dilutions of drug (0.001 to 0.5 μg/ml for voriconazole and 0.125 to 64 μg/ml for fluconazole and griseofulvin) and inoculum were combined in 96-well round-bottom microtiter plates and incubated at 35°C for 4 days. The MIC endpoint was defined as the lowest concentration to inhibit 80% of fungal growth compared to the growth control. Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 and Candida krusei ATCC 6258 were included as controls.
In conclusion, our data showed that (i) voriconazole demonstrated potent antifungal activity against all isolates and (ii) the voriconazole susceptibility of dermatophyte isolates obtained from U.S. sites was similar to that from non-U.S. sites, indicating that there is no difference in voriconazole susceptibility within the dermatophyte species obtained worldwide. However, to confirm this conclusion, a larger number of dermatophytes from non-U.S. sites should be tested. The susceptibilities of fluconazole and griseofulvin were also similar among geographic locations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY.
This study was made possible by the fine technical work of Veronica Catalano and Jona Matevish.
FOOTNOTES
REFERENCES
Barry, A. L., M. A. Pfaller, R. P. Rennie, P. C. Fuchs, and S. D. Brown. 2002. Precision and accuracy of fluconazole susceptibility testing by broth microdilution, Etest, and disk diffusion methods. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:1781-1784.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2001. Development of in vitro susceptibility testing criteria and quality control parameters; approved guideline—second edition. CLSI document M23-A2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, Pa.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2002. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi; approved standard. CLSI document M38-A. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, Pa.
Elewski, B. 1999. Treatment of tinea capitis: beyond griseofulvin. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 40(6, Pt. 2):S27-S30.
Foster, K. W., S. F. Friedlander, H. Panzer, M. A. Ghannoum, and B. E. Elewski. 2005. A randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of fluconazole in the treatment of pediatric tinea capitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 53(5):798-809.
Ghannoum, M., N. Isham, R. Hajjeh, M. Cano, F. Al-Hasawi, D. Yearick, J. Warner, L. Long, C. Jessup, and B. Elewski. 2003. Tinea capitis in Cleveland: survey of elementary school students. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 48(2):189-193.
Ghannoum, M. A., V. Chaturvedi, A. Espinel-Ingroff, M. A. Pfaller, M. G. Rinaldi, W. Lee-Yang, and D. W. Warnock. 2004. Intra- and interlaboratory study of a method for testing the antifungal susceptibilities of dermatophytes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:2977-2979.
Jessup, C. J., J. Warner, N. Isham, I. Hasan, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2000. Antifungal susceptibility testing of dermatophytes: establishing a medium for inducing conidial growth and evaluation of susceptibility of clinical isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:341-344.
Mohrenschlager, M., H. P. Seidl, J. Ring, and D. Abeck. 2005. Pediatric tinea capitis: recognition and management. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 6(4):203-213.
Norris, H. A., B. E. Elewski, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1999. Optimal growth conditions for the determination of the antifungal susceptibility of three species of dermatophytes with the use of a microdilution method. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 40(6, Pt. 2):S9-S13.
Ogasawara, Y., J. Hara, M. Hiruma, and M. Muto. 2004. A case of black dot ringworm attributable to Trichophyton violaceum: a simple method for identifying macroconidia and microconidia formation by Fungi-Tape and MycoPerm-Blue. J. Dermatol. 31(5):424-427.(M. Ghannoum, N. Isham, an)