Health Appraisal Guidelines for Day Camps and Resident Camps
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《小儿科》
ABSTRACT
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that specific guidelines be established for health appraisals of young people before participation in day and resident camps. Camp guidelines should include reference to health maintenance, storage and administration of medication, and emergency medical services. Although camps have diverse environments, there are general guidelines that apply to all situations and specific recommendations that are appropriate under special conditions. This policy statement has been reviewed and is supported by the American Camp Association.
Key Words: camping recreation child adolescent
Abbreviations: AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics
BACKGROUND
For 140 years children have been attending camp.1 Today, approximately 10 million children attend day or resident camp, supported by 1.2 million staff members.2 Camp health care providers can expect to care for campers with any of the medical and psychological issues seen daily by primary pediatric providers. As a result, the precamp health evaluation takes on increased importance. Parents, the primary care physician, camp administrators and camp health care providers should openly share information to ensure that a camper is appropriate for their new environment. In addition, parents should prepare their child medically and psychologically for camp. Camps must also create appropriate policies and procedures and work in cooperation with local health care providers and facilities to ensure that off-site support is in place. This policy statement has been reviewed and is supported by the American Camp Association.
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
All camps should have written health policies and protocols that have been reviewed and approved by a physician with particular knowledge of children's health, preferably a pediatrician or family physician. These policies and protocols should be tailored to the training and scope of practice of the on-site camp health care providers and should be developed with the input of those individuals.3,4 The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) encourages its members to cooperate with local camps in reviewing such policies.
All campers should be required to have had a complete health evaluation within the past year by a licensed health care professional, preferably a pediatrician or family physician, before the first day of camp. The appropriateness of the camp's program for the individual camper should be addressed during that evaluation. Campers with clinically significant medical histories with implications for ongoing care (eg, asthma, seizures, diabetes, depression, anaphylactic allergies, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) should have had an examination within the previous 6 months. The health evaluation should include development of a management plan appropriate to the camp program and any ongoing medical or psychological issues as well as assessment of all medications, both prescription and over-the-counter, to be used by the individual while at camp.5 Written orders from a licensed health care professional should be obtained for prescription medications, diets, physical-activity limitations, or special medical devices.
Within a period determined by the camp, but before the child's first day of camp, parents or guardians should be required to provide camp authorities with a comprehensive health history. This history should include the child's significant previous illnesses, surgeries, injuries, immunizations, and allergies and present state of physical and psychological health.
Parents or guardians are responsible for providing updated information to camp authorities about any changes in health status, recent travel, new medications, or any changes in maintenance medications. Elective interruption in medications (drug holidays) should be avoided in campers on long-term psychotropic therapy.6
All campers should be in compliance with the recommended childhood immunization schedule published annually by the AAP, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the American Academy of Family Physicians.7 Camps should be aware that individual states may require other immunizations in addition to those recommended by the AAP.
After initial arrival at camp, all children should undergo screening to detect the presence of infectious diseases, establish a health status baseline, and identify other health problems such as impetigo or lice. Updated medication orders and health history should be made available to camp health staff at this time.
Camp records should include emergency contacts for all children. The parent or guardian with legal custody should be clearly indicated. Protocols for parental notification should be established. In addition, if a chronic condition exists, the child's primary care physician and any subspecialty physicians should be identified by name, telephone number, and e-mail address, and the date of the last health care visit should be noted.8 Written authorization to obtain treatment, transport children in camp vehicles for nonemergent care, and share medical information should be provided by the parent or guardian.9 Camps should make clear their requirements for health insurance coverage, and parents or guardians should ensure that their policy is in force at the camp's location. Confidentiality of health information should be maintained.10
SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS
Many campers experience acute psychological distress associated with separation from home and loved ones, commonly known as homesickness. Parents or guardians should consider using the following interventions to help prevent or mitigate homesickness.11
Involve the child in the process of choosing and preparing for camp.
Discuss homesickness openly. Be positive about the upcoming camp experience and avoid expressing personal doubts or concerns.
Arrange brief trips away from home with friends or relatives before camp.
Frame the time to be spent at camp in comparison with previous enjoyable experiences the child may have had of similar duration.
Parents should avoid making "pick-up" arrangements in the event of homesickness, because these arrangements may undermine the child's confidence in his or her own independence. Health care professionals should discuss these interventions as part of the anticipatory guidance associated with the health evaluation before camp.
Some day and overnight camps offer programs that require an increased level of physical fitness because of strenuous activities and/or geographic factors such as altitude or remote location. Expectations for participation in such programs should be described in advance to parents, children, and physician examiners. These camps may require a different scope or focus to the comprehensive health evaluation relevant to the nature, conditions, and activities of the camp. Exact health requirements for participation will depend on the program.
Camp personnel should inform parents about specific medical conditions that involve increased health risks with participation in certain activities (eg, asthma and scuba diving).
The on-site health care provider(s) should establish medical protocols in cooperation with a local physician and/or hospital emergency staff in the area. These protocols should address both major and minor illnesses and include information on the camp's relationship and coordination with local emergency services. Local emergency medical service providers should be contacted before camp to ensure prompt and coordinated response in the event of an emergency.12 Camps should also establish relationships with local dentists and/or orthodontists who are willing to treat dental emergencies if the need arises and with local mental health professionals.
Illnesses and conditions that commonly affect camp life and that should be considered for inclusion in protocols for treatment by camp health care providers include:
Homesickness
Upper respiratory tract infections
Fever
Vomiting and diarrhea (including large outbreaks)
Abscesses, impetigo, and fungal skin infections
Asthma and allergy
Otitis externa
Streptococcal pharyngitis and sore throat
Lice and scabies
Conjunctivitis
Poison ivy and poison oak
Tick exposure; insect stings and bites
Seizures
Diabetes (high and low blood sugar)
Common injuries
Heat- or cold-related illness
Infectious disease prevention
Camp health care providers should be aware of health hazards that are particular to their area (eg, Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever).13 They should also be aware of changes in screening or surveillance that may occur as a result of emerging illnesses (eg, West Nile virus) or the presence of international staff (eg, severe acute respiratory syndrome).
In addition, camp health care providers with appropriate knowledge and training should be responsible for the safe storage and administration of medications. This responsibility varies with the type of camp (eg, a camp for children with diabetes or a camp for children with cancer). A protocol should be established for the safe transport of medications during out-of-camp trips, and a determination should be made by the on-site health care provider as to the skill of camp personnel to administer medications and the safety of sending a particular child on the trip.5
Camps that maintain oxygen or other emergency medication or equipment should periodically check supplies and ensure that necessary training has been completed. Some camps are choosing to purchase automated external defibrillators. These camps should comply with local regulations regarding required protocols and training in the use of automated external defibrillators.14 With regard to emergency medications or medical devices such as inhalers or epinephrine auto-injectors, campers should be given instruction for their use before arrival at camp. Parents also should make clear to the camp staff primarily responsible for the camper the situations that may require use of these medications and whether the child is competent in their administration. Specific protocols for administration of these medications by counselors or other nonlicensed providers should be created. These devices should be kept in locations that are easily accessible to individuals who may need them.5
This statement does not address camp-staff issues; however, those who supervise waterfront activity should be certified in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It is important for all camps to have personnel who can administer on-site first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation irrespective of their distance from definitive medical care.
The principles promoted in this statement apply to all camps; it should be noted, however, that inclusion of children with disabilities and other special health care needs may require the establishment of additional assessments and services and that camps designed to serve that population of children and adolescents specifically will be equipped differently. Camp authorities should work with local pediatricians and other health care professionals to conduct health appraisals for children before their participation in camp and determine appropriate services and programs for children with special needs.8 In addition, camp personnel should be familiar with the health and safety guidelines for child care centers developed by the AAP, American Public Health Association, and Maternal and Child Health Bureau and should adhere to those appropriate to their programs and facilities.15
Parents should feel confident that responsible people are caring for their child and that the child is having a positive experience at camp. To this end, the AAP offers the aforementioned recommendations as guidelines for camps.
Committee on School Health, 2003–2004
Barbara L. Frankowski, MD, MPH, Chairperson
Rani S. Gereige, MD, MPH
Cynthia J. Mears, DO
Robert D. Murray, MD
Michele M. Roland, MD
Thomas L. Young, MD
Liaisons
Sue Will, RN, MPH, NCSN
National Association of School Nurses
Janet Long, MEd
American School Health Association
Jerald L. Newberry, MEd
National Education Association, Health Information Network
Lani S.M. Wheeler, MD
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Contributors
Edward A. Walton, MD
Linda Ebner Erceg, RN, MS, PHN
Staff
Su Li, MPA
Section on School Health, 2003–2004
Barbara L. Frankowski, MD, MPH, Chairperson
J. Daniel Cartwright, MD
Linda M. Grant, MD, MPH
Daniel Hyman, MD
Harald Magalnick, MD
Amy E. Salem LaCroix, MD
Wayne A. Yankus, MD, Immediate Past Chairperson
Liaisons
Robert Brown, MD
National Conference and Exhibition Planning Group
Stephen E. Barnett, MD
American School Health Association
Rebecca Cherry, MD
Section on Residents
Robin Wallace, MD
Independent School Health Association
Consultant
Nadine C. Schwab, RN, MPH, PNP
Staff
Su Li, MPA
FOOTNOTES
Lead authors
REFERENCES
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Workforce. Scope of practice issues in the delivery of pediatric health care. Pediatrics. 2003;111 :426 –435
Association of Camp Nurses. The Scope and Standards of Camp Nursing Practice. Bemidji, MN: Association of Camp Nurses; 2001
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on School Health. Guidelines for administration of medication in school. Pediatrics. 2003;112 :697 –699
Reiff MI, ed. ADHD: A Complete and Authoritative Guide. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2004
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedule—United States, July–December 2004. Pediatrics. 2004;113 :1448
Berger JE; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Medical Liability. Consent by proxy for nonurgent pediatric care. Pediatrics. 2003;112 :1186 –1195
Thurber CA, Sigman MD. Preliminary models of risk and protective factors for childhood homesickness: review and empirical synthesis. Child Dev. 1998;69 :903 –934
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine and American College of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee. Care of children in the emergency department: guidelines for preparedness. Pediatrics. 2001;107 :777 –781
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases. Prevention of Lyme disease. Pediatrics. 2000;105 :142 –147
American Heart Association. PALS Provider Manual. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association; 2002
American Academy of Pediatrics, American Public Health Association, Maternal and Child Health Bureau. Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards. Guidelines for Out-of-Home Child Care Programs. 2nd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2002(Committee on School Healt)
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that specific guidelines be established for health appraisals of young people before participation in day and resident camps. Camp guidelines should include reference to health maintenance, storage and administration of medication, and emergency medical services. Although camps have diverse environments, there are general guidelines that apply to all situations and specific recommendations that are appropriate under special conditions. This policy statement has been reviewed and is supported by the American Camp Association.
Key Words: camping recreation child adolescent
Abbreviations: AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics
BACKGROUND
For 140 years children have been attending camp.1 Today, approximately 10 million children attend day or resident camp, supported by 1.2 million staff members.2 Camp health care providers can expect to care for campers with any of the medical and psychological issues seen daily by primary pediatric providers. As a result, the precamp health evaluation takes on increased importance. Parents, the primary care physician, camp administrators and camp health care providers should openly share information to ensure that a camper is appropriate for their new environment. In addition, parents should prepare their child medically and psychologically for camp. Camps must also create appropriate policies and procedures and work in cooperation with local health care providers and facilities to ensure that off-site support is in place. This policy statement has been reviewed and is supported by the American Camp Association.
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
All camps should have written health policies and protocols that have been reviewed and approved by a physician with particular knowledge of children's health, preferably a pediatrician or family physician. These policies and protocols should be tailored to the training and scope of practice of the on-site camp health care providers and should be developed with the input of those individuals.3,4 The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) encourages its members to cooperate with local camps in reviewing such policies.
All campers should be required to have had a complete health evaluation within the past year by a licensed health care professional, preferably a pediatrician or family physician, before the first day of camp. The appropriateness of the camp's program for the individual camper should be addressed during that evaluation. Campers with clinically significant medical histories with implications for ongoing care (eg, asthma, seizures, diabetes, depression, anaphylactic allergies, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) should have had an examination within the previous 6 months. The health evaluation should include development of a management plan appropriate to the camp program and any ongoing medical or psychological issues as well as assessment of all medications, both prescription and over-the-counter, to be used by the individual while at camp.5 Written orders from a licensed health care professional should be obtained for prescription medications, diets, physical-activity limitations, or special medical devices.
Within a period determined by the camp, but before the child's first day of camp, parents or guardians should be required to provide camp authorities with a comprehensive health history. This history should include the child's significant previous illnesses, surgeries, injuries, immunizations, and allergies and present state of physical and psychological health.
Parents or guardians are responsible for providing updated information to camp authorities about any changes in health status, recent travel, new medications, or any changes in maintenance medications. Elective interruption in medications (drug holidays) should be avoided in campers on long-term psychotropic therapy.6
All campers should be in compliance with the recommended childhood immunization schedule published annually by the AAP, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the American Academy of Family Physicians.7 Camps should be aware that individual states may require other immunizations in addition to those recommended by the AAP.
After initial arrival at camp, all children should undergo screening to detect the presence of infectious diseases, establish a health status baseline, and identify other health problems such as impetigo or lice. Updated medication orders and health history should be made available to camp health staff at this time.
Camp records should include emergency contacts for all children. The parent or guardian with legal custody should be clearly indicated. Protocols for parental notification should be established. In addition, if a chronic condition exists, the child's primary care physician and any subspecialty physicians should be identified by name, telephone number, and e-mail address, and the date of the last health care visit should be noted.8 Written authorization to obtain treatment, transport children in camp vehicles for nonemergent care, and share medical information should be provided by the parent or guardian.9 Camps should make clear their requirements for health insurance coverage, and parents or guardians should ensure that their policy is in force at the camp's location. Confidentiality of health information should be maintained.10
SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS
Many campers experience acute psychological distress associated with separation from home and loved ones, commonly known as homesickness. Parents or guardians should consider using the following interventions to help prevent or mitigate homesickness.11
Involve the child in the process of choosing and preparing for camp.
Discuss homesickness openly. Be positive about the upcoming camp experience and avoid expressing personal doubts or concerns.
Arrange brief trips away from home with friends or relatives before camp.
Frame the time to be spent at camp in comparison with previous enjoyable experiences the child may have had of similar duration.
Parents should avoid making "pick-up" arrangements in the event of homesickness, because these arrangements may undermine the child's confidence in his or her own independence. Health care professionals should discuss these interventions as part of the anticipatory guidance associated with the health evaluation before camp.
Some day and overnight camps offer programs that require an increased level of physical fitness because of strenuous activities and/or geographic factors such as altitude or remote location. Expectations for participation in such programs should be described in advance to parents, children, and physician examiners. These camps may require a different scope or focus to the comprehensive health evaluation relevant to the nature, conditions, and activities of the camp. Exact health requirements for participation will depend on the program.
Camp personnel should inform parents about specific medical conditions that involve increased health risks with participation in certain activities (eg, asthma and scuba diving).
The on-site health care provider(s) should establish medical protocols in cooperation with a local physician and/or hospital emergency staff in the area. These protocols should address both major and minor illnesses and include information on the camp's relationship and coordination with local emergency services. Local emergency medical service providers should be contacted before camp to ensure prompt and coordinated response in the event of an emergency.12 Camps should also establish relationships with local dentists and/or orthodontists who are willing to treat dental emergencies if the need arises and with local mental health professionals.
Illnesses and conditions that commonly affect camp life and that should be considered for inclusion in protocols for treatment by camp health care providers include:
Homesickness
Upper respiratory tract infections
Fever
Vomiting and diarrhea (including large outbreaks)
Abscesses, impetigo, and fungal skin infections
Asthma and allergy
Otitis externa
Streptococcal pharyngitis and sore throat
Lice and scabies
Conjunctivitis
Poison ivy and poison oak
Tick exposure; insect stings and bites
Seizures
Diabetes (high and low blood sugar)
Common injuries
Heat- or cold-related illness
Infectious disease prevention
Camp health care providers should be aware of health hazards that are particular to their area (eg, Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever).13 They should also be aware of changes in screening or surveillance that may occur as a result of emerging illnesses (eg, West Nile virus) or the presence of international staff (eg, severe acute respiratory syndrome).
In addition, camp health care providers with appropriate knowledge and training should be responsible for the safe storage and administration of medications. This responsibility varies with the type of camp (eg, a camp for children with diabetes or a camp for children with cancer). A protocol should be established for the safe transport of medications during out-of-camp trips, and a determination should be made by the on-site health care provider as to the skill of camp personnel to administer medications and the safety of sending a particular child on the trip.5
Camps that maintain oxygen or other emergency medication or equipment should periodically check supplies and ensure that necessary training has been completed. Some camps are choosing to purchase automated external defibrillators. These camps should comply with local regulations regarding required protocols and training in the use of automated external defibrillators.14 With regard to emergency medications or medical devices such as inhalers or epinephrine auto-injectors, campers should be given instruction for their use before arrival at camp. Parents also should make clear to the camp staff primarily responsible for the camper the situations that may require use of these medications and whether the child is competent in their administration. Specific protocols for administration of these medications by counselors or other nonlicensed providers should be created. These devices should be kept in locations that are easily accessible to individuals who may need them.5
This statement does not address camp-staff issues; however, those who supervise waterfront activity should be certified in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It is important for all camps to have personnel who can administer on-site first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation irrespective of their distance from definitive medical care.
The principles promoted in this statement apply to all camps; it should be noted, however, that inclusion of children with disabilities and other special health care needs may require the establishment of additional assessments and services and that camps designed to serve that population of children and adolescents specifically will be equipped differently. Camp authorities should work with local pediatricians and other health care professionals to conduct health appraisals for children before their participation in camp and determine appropriate services and programs for children with special needs.8 In addition, camp personnel should be familiar with the health and safety guidelines for child care centers developed by the AAP, American Public Health Association, and Maternal and Child Health Bureau and should adhere to those appropriate to their programs and facilities.15
Parents should feel confident that responsible people are caring for their child and that the child is having a positive experience at camp. To this end, the AAP offers the aforementioned recommendations as guidelines for camps.
Committee on School Health, 2003–2004
Barbara L. Frankowski, MD, MPH, Chairperson
Rani S. Gereige, MD, MPH
Cynthia J. Mears, DO
Robert D. Murray, MD
Michele M. Roland, MD
Thomas L. Young, MD
Liaisons
Sue Will, RN, MPH, NCSN
National Association of School Nurses
Janet Long, MEd
American School Health Association
Jerald L. Newberry, MEd
National Education Association, Health Information Network
Lani S.M. Wheeler, MD
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Contributors
Edward A. Walton, MD
Linda Ebner Erceg, RN, MS, PHN
Staff
Su Li, MPA
Section on School Health, 2003–2004
Barbara L. Frankowski, MD, MPH, Chairperson
J. Daniel Cartwright, MD
Linda M. Grant, MD, MPH
Daniel Hyman, MD
Harald Magalnick, MD
Amy E. Salem LaCroix, MD
Wayne A. Yankus, MD, Immediate Past Chairperson
Liaisons
Robert Brown, MD
National Conference and Exhibition Planning Group
Stephen E. Barnett, MD
American School Health Association
Rebecca Cherry, MD
Section on Residents
Robin Wallace, MD
Independent School Health Association
Consultant
Nadine C. Schwab, RN, MPH, PNP
Staff
Su Li, MPA
FOOTNOTES
Lead authors
REFERENCES
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Workforce. Scope of practice issues in the delivery of pediatric health care. Pediatrics. 2003;111 :426 –435
Association of Camp Nurses. The Scope and Standards of Camp Nursing Practice. Bemidji, MN: Association of Camp Nurses; 2001
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on School Health. Guidelines for administration of medication in school. Pediatrics. 2003;112 :697 –699
Reiff MI, ed. ADHD: A Complete and Authoritative Guide. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2004
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedule—United States, July–December 2004. Pediatrics. 2004;113 :1448
Berger JE; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Medical Liability. Consent by proxy for nonurgent pediatric care. Pediatrics. 2003;112 :1186 –1195
Thurber CA, Sigman MD. Preliminary models of risk and protective factors for childhood homesickness: review and empirical synthesis. Child Dev. 1998;69 :903 –934
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine and American College of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee. Care of children in the emergency department: guidelines for preparedness. Pediatrics. 2001;107 :777 –781
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases. Prevention of Lyme disease. Pediatrics. 2000;105 :142 –147
American Heart Association. PALS Provider Manual. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association; 2002
American Academy of Pediatrics, American Public Health Association, Maternal and Child Health Bureau. Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards. Guidelines for Out-of-Home Child Care Programs. 2nd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2002(Committee on School Healt)