Drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Taiwan
http://www.100md.com
《传染病的形成》
Center for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
Chest Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
National Association of Tuberculosis, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
A laboratory surveillance system was established and supervised by the national reference laboratory. The system includes 6 medical centers, 2 TB referral centers, and 1 regional hospital, distributed in 4 regions of Taiwan. The 9 laboratories provide services for healthcare facilities in their own and surrounding areas. Both the national reference laboratory and contract laboratories participated in an external quality proficiency test provided by the College of American Pathologists and the national reference laboratory. Performance was also assessed by the supranational reference laboratory in Antwerp, Belgium.
The population in the first year (2003) of the survey was 22,562,663, the number of confirmed TB cases was 15,042, the estimated incidence was 66.7 per 100,000 population, and the rate of notification of new positive sputum samples was 34.6% (2). A total of 3,699 isolates, ≈50% of M. tuberculosis strains isolated, underwent antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing in the system. Since clinical data were not available, only combined (primary plus acquired) drug resistance rates were analyzed. The survey showed that the combined drug resistance rates were 9.5% to isoniazid, 5.8% to ethambutol, 6.4% to rifampin, 9.6% to streptomycin, 20.0% to any drug, and 4.0% to multiple drugs. Resistance to any single drug was 12.3%, to any 2 drugs was 4.8%, to any 3 drugs was 2.2%, and to any 4 drugs was 0.7%. In the third global drug resistance surveillance report, the median prevalence of combined drug resistance was 6.6% to isoniazid, 1.3% to ethambutol, 2.2% to rifampin, 6.1% to streptomycin, 10.4% to any drug, and 1.7% to multiple drugs (1).
Available historical data from Taiwan are not directly comparable because of different sampling methods and because susceptibility testing methods have been applied in various hospital settings over time (Table), which limits our ability to monitor trends. The latest drug resistance rates obtained from Chest Hospital, a specialized TB referral hospital, showed that the combined drug resistance of any and multiple drugs were 27.6% and 15.8%, respectively, from January 2002 to June 2004 (unpub. data).
In Taiwan, isoniazid and rifampin were introduced in 1957 and 1978, respectively. Rifampin resistance was first seen in Taiwan in 1982. In recent decades, however, the rates of primary rifampin resistance have increased (Table), and primary resistance to multiple drugs has increased to 2.4% over time.
Based on patient data collected from Chest Hospital, multidrug resistance occurred in 42.2% of retreated TB patients, and 1.8% of multidrug-resistant isolates were found in new TB patients from January 2002 to June 2004 (unpub. data). In the third global drug resistance surveillance report, the median prevalence of multidrug resistance was 7.0% (highest 58.3%) among retreated cases and 1.1% (highest 14.2%) among new cases.
Significant declining trends were observed for any acquired resistance (67.0% to 42.6%, p<0.0001) and acquired multidrug resistance (46.0% to 24.6%, p<0.0001) at the Taiwan Provincial Chronic Disease Control Bureau from 1996 to 2001 (3,4). In addition, a decline in combined isoniazid resistance (43.1% to 16.4%, p < 0.0001), rifampin resistance (23.4% to 9.5%, p<0.0049), and multidrug resistance (18.2% to 7.8%, p<0.0113) was also reported from Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital from 1996 to 2000 (5). Taken together, data obtained from the Taiwan Surveillance of Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis and those reported previously show that rates of combined resistance to any drugs and multiple drugs has declined in Taiwan.
For retreated cases, the high acquired resistance rates indicated suboptimal initial treatment and insufficient case management of new patients, which raises a challenge to the National TB Control Programme in Taiwan. The direct observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy has consequently been suggested to expand to all patients with newly diagnosed cases. The Taiwan Surveillance of Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis program will be extended to collect each patient's clinical and epidemiologic data, according to principles suggested in the guidelines prepared by the World Health Organization.
This work was in part supported by grant DOH94-DC-2028 from the Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taiwan, Republic of China.
References
Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world report no. 3 [monograph on the Internet]. [cited 2006 Mar 3]. Available from http://www.who.int/tb/publications/who_htm_tb_2004_343/en/index.html
Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan. Statistics of communicable diseases and surveillance report in Taiwan area, 2003 [monograph on the Internet]. [cited 2006 Mar 3]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov.tw/en/index.asp
Chiang IH, Yu MC, Bai KJ, Wu MP, Hsu CJ, Lin TP, et al. Drug resistance patterns of tuberculosis in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 1998;97:581–3.
Chiang CY, Hsu CJ, Huang RM, Lin TP, Luh KT. Antituberculosis drug resistance among retreatment tuberculosis patients in a referral center in Taipei. J Formos Med Assoc. 2004;103:411–5.
Lu PL, Lee YW, Peng CF, Tsai JJ, Chen YH, Hwang KP, et al. The decline of high drug resistance rate of pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from a southern Taiwan medical centre, 1996–2000. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003;21:239–43.(Ruwen Jou, Pei-Chun Chuan)
Chest Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
National Association of Tuberculosis, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
A laboratory surveillance system was established and supervised by the national reference laboratory. The system includes 6 medical centers, 2 TB referral centers, and 1 regional hospital, distributed in 4 regions of Taiwan. The 9 laboratories provide services for healthcare facilities in their own and surrounding areas. Both the national reference laboratory and contract laboratories participated in an external quality proficiency test provided by the College of American Pathologists and the national reference laboratory. Performance was also assessed by the supranational reference laboratory in Antwerp, Belgium.
The population in the first year (2003) of the survey was 22,562,663, the number of confirmed TB cases was 15,042, the estimated incidence was 66.7 per 100,000 population, and the rate of notification of new positive sputum samples was 34.6% (2). A total of 3,699 isolates, ≈50% of M. tuberculosis strains isolated, underwent antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing in the system. Since clinical data were not available, only combined (primary plus acquired) drug resistance rates were analyzed. The survey showed that the combined drug resistance rates were 9.5% to isoniazid, 5.8% to ethambutol, 6.4% to rifampin, 9.6% to streptomycin, 20.0% to any drug, and 4.0% to multiple drugs. Resistance to any single drug was 12.3%, to any 2 drugs was 4.8%, to any 3 drugs was 2.2%, and to any 4 drugs was 0.7%. In the third global drug resistance surveillance report, the median prevalence of combined drug resistance was 6.6% to isoniazid, 1.3% to ethambutol, 2.2% to rifampin, 6.1% to streptomycin, 10.4% to any drug, and 1.7% to multiple drugs (1).
Available historical data from Taiwan are not directly comparable because of different sampling methods and because susceptibility testing methods have been applied in various hospital settings over time (Table), which limits our ability to monitor trends. The latest drug resistance rates obtained from Chest Hospital, a specialized TB referral hospital, showed that the combined drug resistance of any and multiple drugs were 27.6% and 15.8%, respectively, from January 2002 to June 2004 (unpub. data).
In Taiwan, isoniazid and rifampin were introduced in 1957 and 1978, respectively. Rifampin resistance was first seen in Taiwan in 1982. In recent decades, however, the rates of primary rifampin resistance have increased (Table), and primary resistance to multiple drugs has increased to 2.4% over time.
Based on patient data collected from Chest Hospital, multidrug resistance occurred in 42.2% of retreated TB patients, and 1.8% of multidrug-resistant isolates were found in new TB patients from January 2002 to June 2004 (unpub. data). In the third global drug resistance surveillance report, the median prevalence of multidrug resistance was 7.0% (highest 58.3%) among retreated cases and 1.1% (highest 14.2%) among new cases.
Significant declining trends were observed for any acquired resistance (67.0% to 42.6%, p<0.0001) and acquired multidrug resistance (46.0% to 24.6%, p<0.0001) at the Taiwan Provincial Chronic Disease Control Bureau from 1996 to 2001 (3,4). In addition, a decline in combined isoniazid resistance (43.1% to 16.4%, p < 0.0001), rifampin resistance (23.4% to 9.5%, p<0.0049), and multidrug resistance (18.2% to 7.8%, p<0.0113) was also reported from Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital from 1996 to 2000 (5). Taken together, data obtained from the Taiwan Surveillance of Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis and those reported previously show that rates of combined resistance to any drugs and multiple drugs has declined in Taiwan.
For retreated cases, the high acquired resistance rates indicated suboptimal initial treatment and insufficient case management of new patients, which raises a challenge to the National TB Control Programme in Taiwan. The direct observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy has consequently been suggested to expand to all patients with newly diagnosed cases. The Taiwan Surveillance of Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis program will be extended to collect each patient's clinical and epidemiologic data, according to principles suggested in the guidelines prepared by the World Health Organization.
This work was in part supported by grant DOH94-DC-2028 from the Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taiwan, Republic of China.
References
Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world report no. 3 [monograph on the Internet]. [cited 2006 Mar 3]. Available from http://www.who.int/tb/publications/who_htm_tb_2004_343/en/index.html
Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan. Statistics of communicable diseases and surveillance report in Taiwan area, 2003 [monograph on the Internet]. [cited 2006 Mar 3]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov.tw/en/index.asp
Chiang IH, Yu MC, Bai KJ, Wu MP, Hsu CJ, Lin TP, et al. Drug resistance patterns of tuberculosis in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 1998;97:581–3.
Chiang CY, Hsu CJ, Huang RM, Lin TP, Luh KT. Antituberculosis drug resistance among retreatment tuberculosis patients in a referral center in Taipei. J Formos Med Assoc. 2004;103:411–5.
Lu PL, Lee YW, Peng CF, Tsai JJ, Chen YH, Hwang KP, et al. The decline of high drug resistance rate of pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from a southern Taiwan medical centre, 1996–2000. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003;21:239–43.(Ruwen Jou, Pei-Chun Chuan)