Nipah Virus Strain Variation
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《传染病的形成》
We suggest that pigs be experimentally infected with the Perak strain of Nipah virus to determine whether differences exist in illness and death caused by this virus. Further sequencing of virus from archived pig samples will clarify with greater confidence whether multiple strains circulated in both regions.
Acknowledgments
This work is published as part of a collaboration with the Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Center for Emerging Infectious Disease.
Funding for the Henipavirus Ecology Research Group is provided by a National Institutes of Health/National Science Foundation 'Ecology of infectious diseases award' (R01-TW05869) from the John E. Fogarty International Center.
Juliet R.C. Pulliam, Hume E. Field, Kevin J. Olival, and the Henipavirus Ecology Research Group1
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; and Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, New York, USA
Pulliam JRC, Field HE, Olival KJ, and the Henipavirus Ecology Research Group. Nipah virus strain variation [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2005 Dec [date cited]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no12/05-0220_05-1102.htm
Reference
AbuBakar S, Chang LY, Ali AR, Sharifah SH, Yusoff K, Zamrod Z. Isolation and molecular identification of Nipah virus from pigs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:2228–30.
1A full list of members of this group is available at http://www.henipavirus.org
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In response: Pulliam et al. (1) presented a model to help explain the observed Nipah virus (NV) strain differences reported earlier by AbuBakar et al. (2). The model is built around an assumption that NV was endemic in several pig farms in the north of Malaysia and that a subsequent reintroduction of the original NV caused the fatal encephalitis outbreak in 1998.
While the model is plausible, that NV infection was endemic among pigs before the 1998 outbreak is difficult to imagine in the absence of verifiable evidence. As with any virus that crosses species, NV would likely have caused severe infection, and what happened in 1998 is a classic example. Before NV could have evolved, become less virulent, and subsequently become endemic, it would have been first introduced to pigs. This initial introduction would have caused an outbreak, but no such outbreaks were reported before 1998. Furthermore, the life span of pigs reared in farms is relatively short before they are sent to the markets, which limits the time in which NV evolution could take place. Slaughtering these pigs would also have caused infection among abattoir workers and pork handlers. At present, the finding of 2 different NV strains from 2 different outbreak foci favors the suggestion that 2 possibly overlapping NV outbreaks occurred in Malaysia in 1998. Further investigation of NV archived materials would shed further light into the possible origin of NV in the 1998 Malaysia outbreaks.
Sazaly AbuBakar
University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
AbuBakar S. Nipah virus strain variation [Response]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2005 Dec [date cited]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no12/05-0220_05-1102.htm
References
Pulliam JRC, Field HE, Olival KJ, and the Henipavirus Ecology Research Group. Nipah virus strain variation. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1978–9.
AbuBakar S, Chang L-Y, Mohd Ali AR, Sharifah SH, Yusoff K, Zamrod Z. Isolation and molecular identification of Nipah virus from pigs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:2228–30.(A model from experimental)
Acknowledgments
This work is published as part of a collaboration with the Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Center for Emerging Infectious Disease.
Funding for the Henipavirus Ecology Research Group is provided by a National Institutes of Health/National Science Foundation 'Ecology of infectious diseases award' (R01-TW05869) from the John E. Fogarty International Center.
Juliet R.C. Pulliam, Hume E. Field, Kevin J. Olival, and the Henipavirus Ecology Research Group1
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; and Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, New York, USA
Pulliam JRC, Field HE, Olival KJ, and the Henipavirus Ecology Research Group. Nipah virus strain variation [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2005 Dec [date cited]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no12/05-0220_05-1102.htm
Reference
AbuBakar S, Chang LY, Ali AR, Sharifah SH, Yusoff K, Zamrod Z. Isolation and molecular identification of Nipah virus from pigs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:2228–30.
1A full list of members of this group is available at http://www.henipavirus.org
Back to top
In response: Pulliam et al. (1) presented a model to help explain the observed Nipah virus (NV) strain differences reported earlier by AbuBakar et al. (2). The model is built around an assumption that NV was endemic in several pig farms in the north of Malaysia and that a subsequent reintroduction of the original NV caused the fatal encephalitis outbreak in 1998.
While the model is plausible, that NV infection was endemic among pigs before the 1998 outbreak is difficult to imagine in the absence of verifiable evidence. As with any virus that crosses species, NV would likely have caused severe infection, and what happened in 1998 is a classic example. Before NV could have evolved, become less virulent, and subsequently become endemic, it would have been first introduced to pigs. This initial introduction would have caused an outbreak, but no such outbreaks were reported before 1998. Furthermore, the life span of pigs reared in farms is relatively short before they are sent to the markets, which limits the time in which NV evolution could take place. Slaughtering these pigs would also have caused infection among abattoir workers and pork handlers. At present, the finding of 2 different NV strains from 2 different outbreak foci favors the suggestion that 2 possibly overlapping NV outbreaks occurred in Malaysia in 1998. Further investigation of NV archived materials would shed further light into the possible origin of NV in the 1998 Malaysia outbreaks.
Sazaly AbuBakar
University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
AbuBakar S. Nipah virus strain variation [Response]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2005 Dec [date cited]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no12/05-0220_05-1102.htm
References
Pulliam JRC, Field HE, Olival KJ, and the Henipavirus Ecology Research Group. Nipah virus strain variation. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1978–9.
AbuBakar S, Chang L-Y, Mohd Ali AR, Sharifah SH, Yusoff K, Zamrod Z. Isolation and molecular identification of Nipah virus from pigs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:2228–30.(A model from experimental)