Neisseria meningitidis Endotoxin and Capsule Transmission by Transplantation
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《传染病的形成》
University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
To the Editor: Donor organs for transplantation are in extremely short supply. The increased number of patients with advanced liver disease requiring transplantation has resulted in the expansion of selection criteria for potential donors. Previously unacceptable or marginally acceptable donors, such as those who die from bacterial meningitis, are now donor candidates (1).
Several case reports and small, retrospective studies have shown that, with appropriate antimicrobial drug treatment, transplant recipients of organs from donors with bacterial meningitis do not have increased risk for infection (2,3) or reduced graft survival (3). However, endotoxemia in liver transplant recipients has been associated with graft failure and a high mortality rate (4,5), and in gram-negative bacterial infections, the physiologic effects of endotoxin may persist after adequate antimicrobial drug treatment. We report a case of liver transplantation in which the donor had brain death from meningococcal meningitis. This unique case provided an opportunity to study the serologic responses and clinical course of an organ recipient after liver transplantation from a donor who had died of Neisseria meningitidis infection. Our observations suggest that biologically relevant levels of antigens, including endotoxin, may have been transferred to the recipient.
A 57-year-old woman with progressive sclerosing cholangitis and cryptogenic cirrhosis received a liver transplant from a previously healthy 18-year-old man who died of serogroup C N. meningitidis meningitis. He had received antimicrobial drug therapy with ceftriaxone and ampicillin for 5 days before brain death was determined; cultures were negative, and the mildly elevated liver function tests, recorded on admission, had resolved, and no evidence of hepatic impairment was shown.
The transplantation surgery was prolonged (17 h) and technically difficult, requiring intraoperative blood products (≈25 U), prolonged postoperative mechanical ventilation, blood pressure support, and renal hemofiltration. Pathologic examination of the recipient's explanted liver showed secondary biliary cirrhosis. The recipient was given ceftriaxone before and after transplantation for 7 days. During postoperative week 4, she was also treated for Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial pneumonia and pleural effusion caused by Enterococcus. She was extubated 3 weeks after transplantation and discharged 5 weeks after transplantation. No evidence of clinical infection with N. meningitidis was identified.
Pathologic examination of the explanted donor liver demonstrated focal acute subcapsular necrosis, large droplet fat accumulation, and mild chronic portal inflammation. The N. meningitidis isolated from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of the donor was serogroup C by immunoprecipitation, and the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) immunotypes (determined by Brenda Brandt, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC.) were L2, L3, L7, and L9.
Banked serum specimens, obtained from the recipient before the operation and every week for 5 weeks after the operation, were assayed for presence of antibodies to N. meningitidis. Elevated levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies (11.2 μg/mL at week 2; 22.5 μg/mL at week 4) (6) to the group C meningococcal polysaccharide capsule were detected in recipient serum (Figure, panel A). Levels of IgM antibodies to LOS L9 rose sharply and peaked in the sample taken 2 weeks after the operation (Figure, panel B). Levels of IgM antibodies to L3 also rose slightly between weeks 2 and 4. IgG antibodies to the 4 LOS types and antibodies to outer membrane vesicles were elevated in the first week postoperation and then declined (data not shown) and may reflect antibodies present from intraoperative blood products. Antipolysaccharide antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 14 and 23 and N. meningitidis serogroup A also rose between weeks 2 and 4 posttransplantation but were not above values expected in normal adult sera at any time. Bactericidal assays against the infecting strain could not be performed because of endogenous killing that was not complement mediated and was presumed to be caused by the presence of antimicrobial drugs in the serum samples.
The rise in IgM antibodies to LOS L9 and IgG antibodies to group C polysaccharide is consistent with a response to exposure to Neisseria antigens at the time of transplantation. With effective antimicrobial drug treatment, the recipient has little risk for bacteremia after transplantation of organs from donors dying of N. meningitidis infection (3). However, bacterial antigens, endotoxin, and cytokines could potentially be sequestered in a donor liver, especially when organ transplantation occurs within days of the bacteremic episode. Despite appropriate antimicrobial drug treatment of the donor and recipient, and the absence of any evidence of active infection of the recipient, these data suggest that proinflammatory endotoxin and capsular polysaccharide from N. meningitidis were transplanted with the donor liver. Although we cannot definitively associate these findings with the organ recipient's difficult intra- and postoperative course, this case raises the question of the role of proinflammatory responses to transplanted endotoxin in postoperative condition and graft dysfunction in this critically ill population (9,10).
Prospective studies identifying and quantifying endotoxin in the transplanted liver itself and in the recipient may be valuable in assessing the meaning of this finding. An assessment of endotoxin transfer will assist in further defining the risks associated with organ transplantation from donors with N. meningitidis infections and may lead to the consideration of additional interventions to mediate the effects of endotoxin exposure.
References
Loinaz C, Moreno Gonzalez E. Marginal donors in liver transplantation. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2000;47:256–63.
Lopez-Navidad A, Domingo P, Cabellero F, Gonzalez C, Santiago C. Successful transplantation of organs retrieved from donors with bacterial meningitis. Transplantation. 1997;64:365–8.
Satoi S, Bramhall SR, Solomon M, Hastings M, Mayer AD, De Goyet JV, et al. The use of liver grafts from donors with bacterial meningitis. Transplantation. 2001;72:1108–13.
Nery JR, Weppler D, Ketchum P, Olson L, Fragulidis GP, Khan MF, et al. Donor infection and primary nonfunction in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1997;29:481–3.
Yokoyama I, Todo S, Miyata T, Selby R, Tzakis AG, Starzi TE. Endotoxemia and human liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1989;21:3833–41.
Campbell JD, Edelman R, King JC Jr, Papa T, Ryall R, Rennels MB. Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of a tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine given to healthy adults. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:1848–51.
Arakere G, Frasch CE. Specificity of antibodies to O-acetyl-positive and O-acetyl-negative group C meningococcal polysaccharides in sera from vaccinees and carriers. Infect Immun. 1991;59:4349–56.
Tsai CM, Civin CI. Eight lipooligoshaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis react with a monoclonal antibody which binds lacto-N-neotetraose (GalB1-4GlcNAcB1-3GalB1-4Glc). Infect Immun. 1991;59:3604–9.
Brandtaeg P, Kierulf P, Gaustad P, Skulberg A, Brunn J, Halvorse S, et al. Plasma endotxoin as a predictor of multiple organ failure and death in systemic meningococcal disease. J Infect Dis. 1989;159:195–204.
Zipfel A, Schenk M, You M-S, Lauchart W, Bode C, Viebahn R. Endotoxemia in organ donors: graft function following liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2000;13(Suppl 1):S286–7.(Nareg Roubinian, Beth D. )
US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
To the Editor: Donor organs for transplantation are in extremely short supply. The increased number of patients with advanced liver disease requiring transplantation has resulted in the expansion of selection criteria for potential donors. Previously unacceptable or marginally acceptable donors, such as those who die from bacterial meningitis, are now donor candidates (1).
Several case reports and small, retrospective studies have shown that, with appropriate antimicrobial drug treatment, transplant recipients of organs from donors with bacterial meningitis do not have increased risk for infection (2,3) or reduced graft survival (3). However, endotoxemia in liver transplant recipients has been associated with graft failure and a high mortality rate (4,5), and in gram-negative bacterial infections, the physiologic effects of endotoxin may persist after adequate antimicrobial drug treatment. We report a case of liver transplantation in which the donor had brain death from meningococcal meningitis. This unique case provided an opportunity to study the serologic responses and clinical course of an organ recipient after liver transplantation from a donor who had died of Neisseria meningitidis infection. Our observations suggest that biologically relevant levels of antigens, including endotoxin, may have been transferred to the recipient.
A 57-year-old woman with progressive sclerosing cholangitis and cryptogenic cirrhosis received a liver transplant from a previously healthy 18-year-old man who died of serogroup C N. meningitidis meningitis. He had received antimicrobial drug therapy with ceftriaxone and ampicillin for 5 days before brain death was determined; cultures were negative, and the mildly elevated liver function tests, recorded on admission, had resolved, and no evidence of hepatic impairment was shown.
The transplantation surgery was prolonged (17 h) and technically difficult, requiring intraoperative blood products (≈25 U), prolonged postoperative mechanical ventilation, blood pressure support, and renal hemofiltration. Pathologic examination of the recipient's explanted liver showed secondary biliary cirrhosis. The recipient was given ceftriaxone before and after transplantation for 7 days. During postoperative week 4, she was also treated for Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial pneumonia and pleural effusion caused by Enterococcus. She was extubated 3 weeks after transplantation and discharged 5 weeks after transplantation. No evidence of clinical infection with N. meningitidis was identified.
Pathologic examination of the explanted donor liver demonstrated focal acute subcapsular necrosis, large droplet fat accumulation, and mild chronic portal inflammation. The N. meningitidis isolated from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of the donor was serogroup C by immunoprecipitation, and the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) immunotypes (determined by Brenda Brandt, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC.) were L2, L3, L7, and L9.
Banked serum specimens, obtained from the recipient before the operation and every week for 5 weeks after the operation, were assayed for presence of antibodies to N. meningitidis. Elevated levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies (11.2 μg/mL at week 2; 22.5 μg/mL at week 4) (6) to the group C meningococcal polysaccharide capsule were detected in recipient serum (Figure, panel A). Levels of IgM antibodies to LOS L9 rose sharply and peaked in the sample taken 2 weeks after the operation (Figure, panel B). Levels of IgM antibodies to L3 also rose slightly between weeks 2 and 4. IgG antibodies to the 4 LOS types and antibodies to outer membrane vesicles were elevated in the first week postoperation and then declined (data not shown) and may reflect antibodies present from intraoperative blood products. Antipolysaccharide antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 14 and 23 and N. meningitidis serogroup A also rose between weeks 2 and 4 posttransplantation but were not above values expected in normal adult sera at any time. Bactericidal assays against the infecting strain could not be performed because of endogenous killing that was not complement mediated and was presumed to be caused by the presence of antimicrobial drugs in the serum samples.
The rise in IgM antibodies to LOS L9 and IgG antibodies to group C polysaccharide is consistent with a response to exposure to Neisseria antigens at the time of transplantation. With effective antimicrobial drug treatment, the recipient has little risk for bacteremia after transplantation of organs from donors dying of N. meningitidis infection (3). However, bacterial antigens, endotoxin, and cytokines could potentially be sequestered in a donor liver, especially when organ transplantation occurs within days of the bacteremic episode. Despite appropriate antimicrobial drug treatment of the donor and recipient, and the absence of any evidence of active infection of the recipient, these data suggest that proinflammatory endotoxin and capsular polysaccharide from N. meningitidis were transplanted with the donor liver. Although we cannot definitively associate these findings with the organ recipient's difficult intra- and postoperative course, this case raises the question of the role of proinflammatory responses to transplanted endotoxin in postoperative condition and graft dysfunction in this critically ill population (9,10).
Prospective studies identifying and quantifying endotoxin in the transplanted liver itself and in the recipient may be valuable in assessing the meaning of this finding. An assessment of endotoxin transfer will assist in further defining the risks associated with organ transplantation from donors with N. meningitidis infections and may lead to the consideration of additional interventions to mediate the effects of endotoxin exposure.
References
Loinaz C, Moreno Gonzalez E. Marginal donors in liver transplantation. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2000;47:256–63.
Lopez-Navidad A, Domingo P, Cabellero F, Gonzalez C, Santiago C. Successful transplantation of organs retrieved from donors with bacterial meningitis. Transplantation. 1997;64:365–8.
Satoi S, Bramhall SR, Solomon M, Hastings M, Mayer AD, De Goyet JV, et al. The use of liver grafts from donors with bacterial meningitis. Transplantation. 2001;72:1108–13.
Nery JR, Weppler D, Ketchum P, Olson L, Fragulidis GP, Khan MF, et al. Donor infection and primary nonfunction in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1997;29:481–3.
Yokoyama I, Todo S, Miyata T, Selby R, Tzakis AG, Starzi TE. Endotoxemia and human liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1989;21:3833–41.
Campbell JD, Edelman R, King JC Jr, Papa T, Ryall R, Rennels MB. Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of a tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine given to healthy adults. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:1848–51.
Arakere G, Frasch CE. Specificity of antibodies to O-acetyl-positive and O-acetyl-negative group C meningococcal polysaccharides in sera from vaccinees and carriers. Infect Immun. 1991;59:4349–56.
Tsai CM, Civin CI. Eight lipooligoshaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis react with a monoclonal antibody which binds lacto-N-neotetraose (GalB1-4GlcNAcB1-3GalB1-4Glc). Infect Immun. 1991;59:3604–9.
Brandtaeg P, Kierulf P, Gaustad P, Skulberg A, Brunn J, Halvorse S, et al. Plasma endotxoin as a predictor of multiple organ failure and death in systemic meningococcal disease. J Infect Dis. 1989;159:195–204.
Zipfel A, Schenk M, You M-S, Lauchart W, Bode C, Viebahn R. Endotoxemia in organ donors: graft function following liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2000;13(Suppl 1):S286–7.(Nareg Roubinian, Beth D. )