Secondary prevention of falls and osteoporotic fractures in older peop
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《英国医生杂志》
A comprehensive integrated service is still some way off in the UK
Falls and osteoporotic fractures are a major public health challenge for countries with ageing populations. In the United Kingdom, approximately 30% of people over 65 years and 50% over 80 years will fall in a given year.1 In addition to the morbidity and mortality associated with the injuries they cause, falls are a principal reason for emergency attendance at hospital, hospital bed utilisation, and transfer to nursing home care.
Systematic underestimation of the problem results from the lack of an ICD (international classification of diseases) diagnostic code for falls in older people (which are classified instead as "senility") and the tunnel vision of health staff who fail to list falls as the underlying reason for presenting injury. Approximately 200 000 osteoporotic fractures occur each year in Britain, with most fractures of the hip and radius caused by falls.2 Because of this strong association, the consensus view is that falls, osteoporosis, and fractures must be managed together. In practice, however, this is rarely the case.
This is frustrating, given the impressive evidence base for the effectiveness of the secondary prevention of falls and osteoporotic fractures in older people.3-5 This has been acknowledged in recent clinical guidelines from the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on the prevention of falls (see box 1 on bmj.com) and on the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (see box 2 on bmj.com).6 7 Moreover, the national service framework for older people in England stipulates that "by 2005 all localities will have a comprehensive, integrated service for the prevention of falls and fractures."8
NICE recommended in its guidelines on falls that people need further investigation if they have two or more falls in one year, have an injury after a fall, or fall and also have gait instability. Such investigation could identify modifiable risk factors leading to tailored interventions such as medication review, individually prescribed exercise, and the treatment of contributory medical problems. NICE also states that "local health and social communities should review their existing practice against this guideline" and "consider the resources necessary."
The NICE guidelines on secondary prevention of osteoporotic fracture include good economic data and cost effectiveness modelling on investigations, drugs, and managing fractures. This modelling favours drug treatment for bone fragility in older, high risk patients over younger ones. Modifying the risk of fracture does not rely only on bone density and, anyway, the potential demand for bone densitometry exceeds availability. The core recommendations are to start drug treatment in all women over 75 who have a minimal trauma fracture without recourse to bone densitometry, advice which will inevitably result in drug treatment for many women who do not have osteoporosis. Recommended treatment for women under 75 is based on a combination of risk factors and measured bone mineral density.
What does this mean for patients and communities? In some areas researchers have used data on the epidemiology of falls and fractures and routine NHS activity data to estimate the extent of the challenge (see box 3 on bmj.com).9 In the United Kingdom, services are commissioned by primary care trusts, which in England which are also responsible for implementing the national service framework for older people. In a typical primary care trust population with 30 000 people over 65, each year approximately 2000 people will fall twice or more, 2000 will seek emergency care in hospital, and more than 1000 will sustain osteoporotic fractures.
If all such patients had the more detailed assessment required by the NICE guidelines, most falls clinics and osteoporosis services in secondary care would be overwhelmed. The comprehensive service for preventing falls and fractures envisaged in the national service framework would be considerably more difficult to provide than the equivalent service for patients with stroke, of which the incidence is much lower. Despite this, four years on from the publication of the national service framework, patients' access to the core elements of stroke services is inconsistent.10 Apart from those who use a handful of specialised services, few patients with fractures due to bone fragility or falls currently receive appropriate interventions to minimise further risks.11 12
Moving from superficially impressive "box ticking" to the desired "whole systems" approach to commissioning such services will require more transparent and thoughtful planning. Guidelines from NICE or other bodies will provide a template that should be tailored to local needs through surveying current provision, use, and appropriateness of services. This approach will identify gaps in services and patients' unmet needs. Practice can sometimes be changed at no extra cost through education and by re-engineering of processes. Where extra resources are needed, local policy makers must prioritise clearly to ensure that money is spent on those services that are most likely to be effective, rather than those driven serendipitously by local enthusiasts or political fads.
The recommendations in the national service framework and in the latest NICE guidelines provide the impetus to deliver integrated, effective services in the United Kingdom for older people with falls and fractures. At present there are few "comprehensive, integrated" services.6 Commissioners of care must face this truth, and clinicians must lobby vociferously for change. A problem so common, so costly, and so harmful—and with this much potential for prevention—does not deserve "backwater" status, just because older people are its main victims.
David Oliver, senior lecturer in geriatric medicine
Institute of Health Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 1HY
(D.oliver@reading.ac.uk)
Marion E T McMurdo, professor
Ageing and Health, Division of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY
Sanjeev Patel, senior lecturer in rheumatology
Epsom and St Helier University Hospital, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 1AA
Summary boxes are on bmj.com
Competing interests: None declared.
References
Masud T, Morris R. The epidemiology of falls. Age Ageing 2001;30(suppl 4): 4-7.
Cryer C, Patel S. Falls, fragility and fractures. National service framework for older people. The case for and strategies to implement a joint health improvement and modernisation plan for falls and osteoporosis. London: Alliance for Better Bone Health, 2001.
American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Fall Prevention. Guidelines for the prevention of falls in older persons. J Am Ger Soc 2001;49: 664-72.
Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ, Robertson MC, Lamb SE, Cumming RJ, Rowe BH. Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(4): CD000340.
Royal College of Physicians. Osteoporosis. Clinical Guidelines for prevention and treatment. Update. London. Royal College of Physicians, 2003.
National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guidelines on the prevention of falls and injuries in older people. London: NICE, 2004.
National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guidelines on the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. London: NICE, 2005.
Department of Health. National service framework for older people. London: DoH, 2001.
Bexley Primary Care Trust. Think falls! An integrated falls and fracture service for Bexley. Strategic framework and proposed patient pathway. Bexley PCT, 2002. www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/HealthAndSocialCareTopics/OlderPeoplesServices/ OlderPeoplePromotionProject/OlderPeoplePromotionProjectArticle/fs/en (accessed 8 Jul 2005).
Rudd AG, Hoffman A, Irwin P, Pearson M, Lowe D. Stroke Units: research and reality. Results from the national sentinel audit. Qual Saf Health Care 2005;14(1): 7-12.
McLellan AR, Gallacher SD, Fraser M, McQuillian C. The fracture liaison service. Success of a program for the evaluation and treatment of patients with osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporosis International 2003;14: 1028-34.
Kenny RA, O'Shea D, Walker HF. Impact of a dedicated syncope and falls facility for older adults on emergency beds. Age Ageing 2002;31: 272-5.
Falls and osteoporotic fractures are a major public health challenge for countries with ageing populations. In the United Kingdom, approximately 30% of people over 65 years and 50% over 80 years will fall in a given year.1 In addition to the morbidity and mortality associated with the injuries they cause, falls are a principal reason for emergency attendance at hospital, hospital bed utilisation, and transfer to nursing home care.
Systematic underestimation of the problem results from the lack of an ICD (international classification of diseases) diagnostic code for falls in older people (which are classified instead as "senility") and the tunnel vision of health staff who fail to list falls as the underlying reason for presenting injury. Approximately 200 000 osteoporotic fractures occur each year in Britain, with most fractures of the hip and radius caused by falls.2 Because of this strong association, the consensus view is that falls, osteoporosis, and fractures must be managed together. In practice, however, this is rarely the case.
This is frustrating, given the impressive evidence base for the effectiveness of the secondary prevention of falls and osteoporotic fractures in older people.3-5 This has been acknowledged in recent clinical guidelines from the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on the prevention of falls (see box 1 on bmj.com) and on the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (see box 2 on bmj.com).6 7 Moreover, the national service framework for older people in England stipulates that "by 2005 all localities will have a comprehensive, integrated service for the prevention of falls and fractures."8
NICE recommended in its guidelines on falls that people need further investigation if they have two or more falls in one year, have an injury after a fall, or fall and also have gait instability. Such investigation could identify modifiable risk factors leading to tailored interventions such as medication review, individually prescribed exercise, and the treatment of contributory medical problems. NICE also states that "local health and social communities should review their existing practice against this guideline" and "consider the resources necessary."
The NICE guidelines on secondary prevention of osteoporotic fracture include good economic data and cost effectiveness modelling on investigations, drugs, and managing fractures. This modelling favours drug treatment for bone fragility in older, high risk patients over younger ones. Modifying the risk of fracture does not rely only on bone density and, anyway, the potential demand for bone densitometry exceeds availability. The core recommendations are to start drug treatment in all women over 75 who have a minimal trauma fracture without recourse to bone densitometry, advice which will inevitably result in drug treatment for many women who do not have osteoporosis. Recommended treatment for women under 75 is based on a combination of risk factors and measured bone mineral density.
What does this mean for patients and communities? In some areas researchers have used data on the epidemiology of falls and fractures and routine NHS activity data to estimate the extent of the challenge (see box 3 on bmj.com).9 In the United Kingdom, services are commissioned by primary care trusts, which in England which are also responsible for implementing the national service framework for older people. In a typical primary care trust population with 30 000 people over 65, each year approximately 2000 people will fall twice or more, 2000 will seek emergency care in hospital, and more than 1000 will sustain osteoporotic fractures.
If all such patients had the more detailed assessment required by the NICE guidelines, most falls clinics and osteoporosis services in secondary care would be overwhelmed. The comprehensive service for preventing falls and fractures envisaged in the national service framework would be considerably more difficult to provide than the equivalent service for patients with stroke, of which the incidence is much lower. Despite this, four years on from the publication of the national service framework, patients' access to the core elements of stroke services is inconsistent.10 Apart from those who use a handful of specialised services, few patients with fractures due to bone fragility or falls currently receive appropriate interventions to minimise further risks.11 12
Moving from superficially impressive "box ticking" to the desired "whole systems" approach to commissioning such services will require more transparent and thoughtful planning. Guidelines from NICE or other bodies will provide a template that should be tailored to local needs through surveying current provision, use, and appropriateness of services. This approach will identify gaps in services and patients' unmet needs. Practice can sometimes be changed at no extra cost through education and by re-engineering of processes. Where extra resources are needed, local policy makers must prioritise clearly to ensure that money is spent on those services that are most likely to be effective, rather than those driven serendipitously by local enthusiasts or political fads.
The recommendations in the national service framework and in the latest NICE guidelines provide the impetus to deliver integrated, effective services in the United Kingdom for older people with falls and fractures. At present there are few "comprehensive, integrated" services.6 Commissioners of care must face this truth, and clinicians must lobby vociferously for change. A problem so common, so costly, and so harmful—and with this much potential for prevention—does not deserve "backwater" status, just because older people are its main victims.
David Oliver, senior lecturer in geriatric medicine
Institute of Health Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 1HY
(D.oliver@reading.ac.uk)
Marion E T McMurdo, professor
Ageing and Health, Division of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY
Sanjeev Patel, senior lecturer in rheumatology
Epsom and St Helier University Hospital, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 1AA
Summary boxes are on bmj.com
Competing interests: None declared.
References
Masud T, Morris R. The epidemiology of falls. Age Ageing 2001;30(suppl 4): 4-7.
Cryer C, Patel S. Falls, fragility and fractures. National service framework for older people. The case for and strategies to implement a joint health improvement and modernisation plan for falls and osteoporosis. London: Alliance for Better Bone Health, 2001.
American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Fall Prevention. Guidelines for the prevention of falls in older persons. J Am Ger Soc 2001;49: 664-72.
Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ, Robertson MC, Lamb SE, Cumming RJ, Rowe BH. Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(4): CD000340.
Royal College of Physicians. Osteoporosis. Clinical Guidelines for prevention and treatment. Update. London. Royal College of Physicians, 2003.
National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guidelines on the prevention of falls and injuries in older people. London: NICE, 2004.
National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guidelines on the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. London: NICE, 2005.
Department of Health. National service framework for older people. London: DoH, 2001.
Bexley Primary Care Trust. Think falls! An integrated falls and fracture service for Bexley. Strategic framework and proposed patient pathway. Bexley PCT, 2002. www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/HealthAndSocialCareTopics/OlderPeoplesServices/ OlderPeoplePromotionProject/OlderPeoplePromotionProjectArticle/fs/en (accessed 8 Jul 2005).
Rudd AG, Hoffman A, Irwin P, Pearson M, Lowe D. Stroke Units: research and reality. Results from the national sentinel audit. Qual Saf Health Care 2005;14(1): 7-12.
McLellan AR, Gallacher SD, Fraser M, McQuillian C. The fracture liaison service. Success of a program for the evaluation and treatment of patients with osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporosis International 2003;14: 1028-34.
Kenny RA, O'Shea D, Walker HF. Impact of a dedicated syncope and falls facility for older adults on emergency beds. Age Ageing 2002;31: 272-5.