04~小脑、间脑(Cerebellum).ppt
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The Cerebellum
山东大学医学院解剖教研室
Position
* Lies above and behind the medullar and pons and occupies posterior cranial fossa
External features
Consists of two cerebellar hemisphere united in the midline by the vermis
External features
Three peduncles
* Inferior cerebellar peduncle小脑下脚 -connect with medulla and with spinal cord, contain both afferent and efferent fibers
* Middle cerebellar peduncle 小脑中脚-connect with pons, contain afferent fibers
* Superior cerebellar peduncle 小脑上脚-connect with midbrain, contain mostly efferent fibers
External features
*Tonsil of cerebellum 小脑扁桃体 two elevated masses on inferior surface of hemispheral portion just nearby foramen magnum
Lobs
* Two deep fissures
* Primary fissure 原裂
* Posterolateral fissure 后外侧裂
* Three lobs
* Flocculonodular lobe 绒球小结叶 flocculus and nodule
* Anterior lobe
* Posterior lobe
Lobs
Internal structures
Gray matter
* Cerebellar cortex
* Cerebellar nuclei
* Dentate nucleus 齿状核
* Fastigial nucleus 顶核
* Interposed nucleus 中间核
* Emboliform nucleus 栓状核
* Globose nucleus球状核
White matter-medullary center 髓体
Internal structures
Three functional divisions
* Vestibulocerebellum前庭小脑
* Archicerebellum 原小脑
* Flocculonodular lobe
* Spinocerebellum 脊髓小脑
* Paleocerebellum旧小脑
* Vermis and intermediate zone
* Cerebrocerebellum大脑小脑
* Neocerebellum 新小脑
* Lateral zone
Connections and function of cerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum
* Connections
* Afferents: receive input from vestibular nuclei and primary vestibular
* Efferents: projects to the vestibular nucleus → vestibulospinal tract and medial longitudinal fasciculus → motor neurons of anterior horn
* Function: involved in eye movements and maintain balance
Connections and function of cerebellum
Spinocerebellum
* Connnection
* Afferents: receive somatic sensory information via spinocerebellar tracts
* Efferents:
* Vermis projects to the fastigial nucleus → vestibular nuclei and reticular formation → vestibulospinal tract and reticulospinal tract → motor neurons of anterior horn
* Intermediate zone projects to the interposed nuclei
* Contralateral red nucleus → rubrospinal tract →motor neurons of anterior horn
*ContralateralVI →cerebral cortex→ coticospinal tract→motor neurons of anterior horn
*Function: play an important role in control of muscle tone and coordination of muscle movement on the same side of the body
Connections and function of cerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum
* Connection
* Afferents: receives input from the cerebral cortex via a relay in pontine nuclei
* Efferents: projects to dentate nucleus → VI → primary motor cortex → corticospinal tract → motor neurons of anterior horn
* Function: participates in planning movements
The Diencephalon
山东大学医学院解剖教研室
李振华
Position
* Position: Lies between midbrian and cerebrum, almost entirely surrounded by cerebral hemisphere
Subdivision
* Doral thalamus 背侧丘脑
* Metathalamus后丘脑
* Epithalamus上丘脑
* Subthalamus 底丘脑
* Hypothalamus 下丘脑
Dorsal thalamus 背侧丘脑
External features
* A large egg-shaped nucleus mass,* Anterior end called anterior thalamic tubercle,* Posterior end called pulvinar
* Right and left portion of thalamus are joined by interthalamic adhesion
* Floor-hypothalamic sulcus
Classification of nuclei of dorsal thalamus
Three nuclear group-divided by internal medullary lamina (内髓板)
* Anterior nuclear group 前核群
* Medial nuclear group 内侧核群
* Lateral nuclear group 外侧核群
Functional subdivision
Nonspecific relay nuclei非特异性中继核团-receive afferents from rhinencephalon and reticular formation of brain stem, project mainly to hypothalamus and corpus striatum
* Midline nucleus group
* Intralaminar nuclear group
* Thalamic reticular nucleus
Association nuclei 联络核团-receive input from many converging sours and in turn project widely to the association areas of cerebral cortex
* Anterior nuclear group
* Medial nuclear group
* Dorsal tier of lateral nuclear group
Special relay nuclei 特异性中继核团
* Vent. anterior nucleus (VA) 腹前核
* Vent. intermediate nucleus (VI) 腹中间核
Receiving dentate nucleus, globus pallidus and substantia nigra to motor cortex
* Vent. posteromedial nucleus (VPM)腹后内侧核-receives trigeminal lemniscus and teste fibers
* Vent. posterolateral nucleus (VPL)腹后外侧核-receives medial lemniscus and spinal lemniscus
Projects to first somatic sensory area via central thalamic radiation
Metathalamus 后丘脑
Metathalamus 后丘脑
* Medial geniculate body (MGN) 内侧膝状体
* Relay station of audition
* Receive fibers from inferior colliculus
* Projects to auditory area via acoustic radiation 听辐射
* Lateral geniculate body (LGN)外侧膝状体
* Relay station of vision
* Receive fibers from optic tract
* Projects to visual area via optic radiation 视辐射
Epithalamus 上丘脑
Includes
* Thalamicmedullary stria 丘脑髓纹
* Habenulartrigone缰三角
* Habenular commissure 缰连合
* Pineal body 松果体
* posterior commissure 后连合
Hypothalamus 下丘脑
Subthalamus底丘脑
* Transition zone between diencephalons and tegmentum of midbrain
* Contain subthalamic nucleus(底丘脑核), parts of red nucleus and substantia nigra
Subdivisions
* Preoptic region 视前区
* Supraoptic region 视上区
* Tuberal region 结节区
* Mamillary region 乳头体区
Important nuclei
* Supraoptic region 视上区
* Supraoptic nucleus 视上核-produce antidiuretic hormone 抗利尿激素(ADH， vasopressin 加压素)
* Paraventricular nucleus 室旁核-produce oxytocin 催产素
* Tuberal region 结节区
* Infundibular nucleus 漏斗核
* Ventromedial nucleus 腹内侧核
* Dorsomedial nucleus 背内侧核
*Mamillary region 乳头体区
* Mamillary nucleus 乳头体核
* Posterior hypothalamic nucleus 下丘脑后核
Hypothalamus --connection
* Connects with limbic system
* Connects with brainstem and spinal cord
* Connects with dorsal thalamus
* Connects with hypophysis
Hypothalamus --connection
* Supraoptic nucleus →supraoptic nucleus (ADH) →supraopticohypophyseal tract →posterior lobe of hypophysis
* Paraventricular nucleus → paraventicular nucleus (oxytocin) →paraventriculohypophyseal tract→posterior lobe of hypophysis
Hypothalamus
Function
* Regulates functions of neuroendocrine system
* Autonomic nervous system
Third ventricle
* Position: a narrow ventricle cleft lies within diencephalons
* Boundaries
* Roof: choroids plexus
* Floor: optic chiasma, tuber cinereum, infundibulum and mamillarybody
* Anterior: lamina terminalis
* Posterior: continuous with mesencephalic aqueduct
* Lateral wall: dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus
* Communication
Third ventricle →mesencephalic aqueduct → fourth ventricle
The Cerebellum
山东大学医学院解剖教研室
Position
* Lies above and behind the medullar and pons and occupies posterior cranial fossa
External features
Consists of two cerebellar hemisphere united in the midline by the vermis
External features
Three peduncles
* Inferior cerebellar peduncle小脑下脚 -connect with medulla and with spinal cord, contain both afferent and efferent fibers
* Middle cerebellar peduncle 小脑中脚-connect with pons, contain afferent fibers
* Superior cerebellar peduncle 小脑上脚-connect with midbrain, contain mostly efferent fibers
External features
*Tonsil of cerebellum 小脑扁桃体 two elevated masses on inferior surface of hemispheral portion just nearby foramen magnum
Lobs
* Two deep fissures
* Primary fissure 原裂
* Posterolateral fissure 后外侧裂
* Three lobs
* Flocculonodular lobe 绒球小结叶 flocculus and nodule
* Anterior lobe
* Posterior lobe
Lobs
Internal structures
Gray matter
* Cerebellar cortex
* Cerebellar nuclei
* Dentate nucleus 齿状核
* Fastigial nucleus 顶核
* Interposed nucleus 中间核
* Emboliform nucleus 栓状核
* Globose nucleus球状核
White matter-medullary center 髓体
Internal structures
Three functional divisions
* Vestibulocerebellum前庭小脑
* Archicerebellum 原小脑
* Flocculonodular lobe
* Spinocerebellum 脊髓小脑
* Paleocerebellum旧小脑
* Vermis and intermediate zone
* Cerebrocerebellum大脑小脑
* Neocerebellum 新小脑
* Lateral zone
Connections and function of cerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum
* Connections
* Afferents: receive input from vestibular nuclei and primary vestibular
* Efferents: projects to the vestibular nucleus → vestibulospinal tract and medial longitudinal fasciculus → motor neurons of anterior horn
* Function: involved in eye movements and maintain balance
Connections and function of cerebellum
Spinocerebellum
* Connnection
* Afferents: receive somatic sensory information via spinocerebellar tracts
* Efferents:
* Vermis projects to the fastigial nucleus → vestibular nuclei and reticular formation → vestibulospinal tract and reticulospinal tract → motor neurons of anterior horn
* Intermediate zone projects to the interposed nuclei
* Contralateral red nucleus → rubrospinal tract →motor neurons of anterior horn
*ContralateralVI →cerebral cortex→ coticospinal tract→motor neurons of anterior horn
*Function: play an important role in control of muscle tone and coordination of muscle movement on the same side of the body
Connections and function of cerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum
* Connection
* Afferents: receives input from the cerebral cortex via a relay in pontine nuclei
* Efferents: projects to dentate nucleus → VI → primary motor cortex → corticospinal tract → motor neurons of anterior horn
* Function: participates in planning movements
The Diencephalon
山东大学医学院解剖教研室
李振华
Position
* Position: Lies between midbrian and cerebrum, almost entirely surrounded by cerebral hemisphere
Subdivision
* Doral thalamus 背侧丘脑
* Metathalamus后丘脑
* Epithalamus上丘脑
* Subthalamus 底丘脑
* Hypothalamus 下丘脑
Dorsal thalamus 背侧丘脑
External features
* A large egg-shaped nucleus mass,* Anterior end called anterior thalamic tubercle,* Posterior end called pulvinar
* Right and left portion of thalamus are joined by interthalamic adhesion
* Floor-hypothalamic sulcus
Classification of nuclei of dorsal thalamus
Three nuclear group-divided by internal medullary lamina (内髓板)
* Anterior nuclear group 前核群
* Medial nuclear group 内侧核群
* Lateral nuclear group 外侧核群
Functional subdivision
Nonspecific relay nuclei非特异性中继核团-receive afferents from rhinencephalon and reticular formation of brain stem, project mainly to hypothalamus and corpus striatum
* Midline nucleus group
* Intralaminar nuclear group
* Thalamic reticular nucleus
Association nuclei 联络核团-receive input from many converging sours and in turn project widely to the association areas of cerebral cortex
* Anterior nuclear group
* Medial nuclear group
* Dorsal tier of lateral nuclear group
Special relay nuclei 特异性中继核团
* Vent. anterior nucleus (VA) 腹前核
* Vent. intermediate nucleus (VI) 腹中间核
Receiving dentate nucleus, globus pallidus and substantia nigra to motor cortex
* Vent. posteromedial nucleus (VPM)腹后内侧核-receives trigeminal lemniscus and teste fibers
* Vent. posterolateral nucleus (VPL)腹后外侧核-receives medial lemniscus and spinal lemniscus
Projects to first somatic sensory area via central thalamic radiation
Metathalamus 后丘脑
Metathalamus 后丘脑
* Medial geniculate body (MGN) 内侧膝状体
* Relay station of audition
* Receive fibers from inferior colliculus
* Projects to auditory area via acoustic radiation 听辐射
* Lateral geniculate body (LGN)外侧膝状体
* Relay station of vision
* Receive fibers from optic tract
* Projects to visual area via optic radiation 视辐射
Epithalamus 上丘脑
Includes
* Thalamicmedullary stria 丘脑髓纹
* Habenulartrigone缰三角
* Habenular commissure 缰连合
* Pineal body 松果体
* posterior commissure 后连合
Hypothalamus 下丘脑
Subthalamus底丘脑
* Transition zone between diencephalons and tegmentum of midbrain
* Contain subthalamic nucleus(底丘脑核), parts of red nucleus and substantia nigra
Subdivisions
* Preoptic region 视前区
* Supraoptic region 视上区
* Tuberal region 结节区
* Mamillary region 乳头体区
Important nuclei
* Supraoptic region 视上区
* Supraoptic nucleus 视上核-produce antidiuretic hormone 抗利尿激素(ADH， vasopressin 加压素)
* Paraventricular nucleus 室旁核-produce oxytocin 催产素
* Tuberal region 结节区
* Infundibular nucleus 漏斗核
* Ventromedial nucleus 腹内侧核
* Dorsomedial nucleus 背内侧核
*Mamillary region 乳头体区
* Mamillary nucleus 乳头体核
* Posterior hypothalamic nucleus 下丘脑后核
Hypothalamus --connection
* Connects with limbic system
* Connects with brainstem and spinal cord
* Connects with dorsal thalamus
* Connects with hypophysis
Hypothalamus --connection
* Supraoptic nucleus →supraoptic nucleus (ADH) →supraopticohypophyseal tract →posterior lobe of hypophysis
* Paraventricular nucleus → paraventicular nucleus (oxytocin) →paraventriculohypophyseal tract→posterior lobe of hypophysis
Hypothalamus
Function
* Regulates functions of neuroendocrine system
* Autonomic nervous system
Third ventricle
* Position: a narrow ventricle cleft lies within diencephalons
* Boundaries
* Roof: choroids plexus
* Floor: optic chiasma, tuber cinereum, infundibulum and mamillarybody
* Anterior: lamina terminalis
* Posterior: continuous with mesencephalic aqueduct
* Lateral wall: dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus
* Communication
Third ventricle →mesencephalic aqueduct → fourth ventricle