05-感觉.ppt
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Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 5
Sensation
Sensation
* Sensation
* a process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy
* Perception
* a process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Sensation
* Our sensory and perceptual processes work together to help us sort out complext processes
Sensation
* Bottom-Up Processing
* analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
* Top-Down Processing
* information processing guided by higher-level mental processes
* as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
Sensation- Basic Principles
* Psychophysics
* study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
* Light-brightness
* Sound-volume
* Pressure-weight
* Taste-sweetness
Sensation- Thresholds
* Absolute Threshold
* minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
* Difference Threshold
* minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
* just noticeable difference (JND)
Sensation- Thresholds
* Signal Detection Theory
* predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
* assumes that there is no single absolute threshold
* detection depends partly on person's
* experience
* expectations
* motivation
* level of fatigue
Sensation- Thresholds
* Subliminal
* When stimuli are below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
Sensation- Thresholds
* Weber's Law-to perceive as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
* light intensity-8%
* weight-2%
* tone frequency-0.3%
* Sensory adaptation-diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Vision- Stabilized Images on the Retina
Vision
* Transduction
* conversion of one form of energy to another
* in sensation, transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses
* Wavelength
* the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next
Vision
* Hue
* dimension of color determined by wavelength of light
* Intensity
* amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude
* brightness
* loudness
Vision-Physical Properties of Waves
Vision
* Pupil-adjustable opening in the center of the eye
* Iris- a ring of muscle that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
* Lens-transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina
Vision
Vision
* Accommodation- the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina
* Retina- the light-sensitive inner serface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
Vision
* Acuity- the sharpness of vision
* Nearsightedness- condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects in front of retina
* Farsightedness- condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind retina
Vision
* Normal Nearsighted FarsightedVision VisionVision
Retina's Reactionto Light- Receptors
* Rods
* peripheral retina
* detect black, white and gray
* twilight or low light
* Cones
* near center of retina
* fine detail and color vision
* daylight or well-lit conditions
Retina's Reactionto Light
* Optic nerve- nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
* Blind Spot- point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind spot" because there are no receptor cells located there
* Fovea- central point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
Vision- Receptors
Pathways from the Eyes to the Visual Cortex
Visual Information Processing
* Feature Detectors
* nerve cells in the brain thatrespond to specific features
* shape
* angle
* movement
How the Brain Perceives
Illusory Contours
Visual Information Processing
* Parallel Processing
* simultaneous processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously
Visual Information Processing
* Trichromatic (three color) Theory
* Young and Helmholtz
* three different retinal color receptors
* red
* green
* blue
Color-Deficient Vision
* People who suffer red-green blindness have trouble perceiving the number within the design
Visual Information Processing
Opponent-Process Theory-opposing retinal processes enable color vision
"ON""OFF"
red green
green red
blue yellow
yellow blue
black white
white black
Opponent Process- Afterimage Effect
Visual Information Processing
* Color Constancy
* Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
Audition
* Audition
* the sense of hearing
* Frequency
* the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
* Pitch
* a tone's highness or lowness
* depends on frequency
The Intensity of Some Common Sounds
Audition- The Ear
* Middle Ear
* chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
* Inner Ear
* innermost part of the ear, contining the cochlea, semicurcular canals, and vestibular sacs
* Cochlea
* coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which
Audition
* Place Theory
* the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
* Frequency Theory
* the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
How We Locate Sounds
Audition
* Conduction Hearing Loss
* hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
* Nerve Hearing Loss
* hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve
Audition
* Older people tend to hear low frequencies well but suffer hearing loss for high frequencies
Touch
* Skin Sensations
* pressure
* only skin sensation with identifiable receptors
* warmth
* cold
* pain
Pain
* Gate-Control Theory
* theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
* "gate" opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
* "gate" closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain
Taste
* Taste Sensations
* sweet
* sour
* salty
* bitter
* Sensory Interaction
* the principle that one sense may influence another
* as when the smell of food influences its taste
Smell
Age, Sex and Sense of Smell
Body Position and Movement
* Kinesthesis
* the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
* Vestibular Sense
* the sense of body movement and position
* including the sense of balance
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 5
Sensation
Sensation
* Sensation
* a process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy
* Perception
* a process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Sensation
* Our sensory and perceptual processes work together to help us sort out complext processes
Sensation
* Bottom-Up Processing
* analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
* Top-Down Processing
* information processing guided by higher-level mental processes
* as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
Sensation- Basic Principles
* Psychophysics
* study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
* Light-brightness
* Sound-volume
* Pressure-weight
* Taste-sweetness
Sensation- Thresholds
* Absolute Threshold
* minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
* Difference Threshold
* minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
* just noticeable difference (JND)
Sensation- Thresholds
* Signal Detection Theory
* predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
* assumes that there is no single absolute threshold
* detection depends partly on person's
* experience
* expectations
* motivation
* level of fatigue
Sensation- Thresholds
* Subliminal
* When stimuli are below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
Sensation- Thresholds
* Weber's Law-to perceive as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
* light intensity-8%
* weight-2%
* tone frequency-0.3%
* Sensory adaptation-diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Vision- Stabilized Images on the Retina
Vision
* Transduction
* conversion of one form of energy to another
* in sensation, transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses
* Wavelength
* the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next
Vision
* Hue
* dimension of color determined by wavelength of light
* Intensity
* amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude
* brightness
* loudness
Vision-Physical Properties of Waves
Vision
* Pupil-adjustable opening in the center of the eye
* Iris- a ring of muscle that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
* Lens-transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina
Vision
Vision
* Accommodation- the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina
* Retina- the light-sensitive inner serface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
Vision
* Acuity- the sharpness of vision
* Nearsightedness- condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects in front of retina
* Farsightedness- condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind retina
Vision
* Normal Nearsighted FarsightedVision VisionVision
Retina's Reactionto Light- Receptors
* Rods
* peripheral retina
* detect black, white and gray
* twilight or low light
* Cones
* near center of retina
* fine detail and color vision
* daylight or well-lit conditions
Retina's Reactionto Light
* Optic nerve- nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
* Blind Spot- point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind spot" because there are no receptor cells located there
* Fovea- central point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
Vision- Receptors
Pathways from the Eyes to the Visual Cortex
Visual Information Processing
* Feature Detectors
* nerve cells in the brain thatrespond to specific features
* shape
* angle
* movement
How the Brain Perceives
Illusory Contours
Visual Information Processing
* Parallel Processing
* simultaneous processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously
Visual Information Processing
* Trichromatic (three color) Theory
* Young and Helmholtz
* three different retinal color receptors
* red
* green
* blue
Color-Deficient Vision
* People who suffer red-green blindness have trouble perceiving the number within the design
Visual Information Processing
Opponent-Process Theory-opposing retinal processes enable color vision
"ON""OFF"
red green
green red
blue yellow
yellow blue
black white
white black
Opponent Process- Afterimage Effect
Visual Information Processing
* Color Constancy
* Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
Audition
* Audition
* the sense of hearing
* Frequency
* the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
* Pitch
* a tone's highness or lowness
* depends on frequency
The Intensity of Some Common Sounds
Audition- The Ear
* Middle Ear
* chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
* Inner Ear
* innermost part of the ear, contining the cochlea, semicurcular canals, and vestibular sacs
* Cochlea
* coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which
Audition
* Place Theory
* the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
* Frequency Theory
* the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
How We Locate Sounds
Audition
* Conduction Hearing Loss
* hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
* Nerve Hearing Loss
* hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve
Audition
* Older people tend to hear low frequencies well but suffer hearing loss for high frequencies
Touch
* Skin Sensations
* pressure
* only skin sensation with identifiable receptors
* warmth
* cold
* pain
Pain
* Gate-Control Theory
* theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
* "gate" opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
* "gate" closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain
Taste
* Taste Sensations
* sweet
* sour
* salty
* bitter
* Sensory Interaction
* the principle that one sense may influence another
* as when the smell of food influences its taste
Smell
Age, Sex and Sense of Smell
Body Position and Movement
* Kinesthesis
* the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
* Vestibular Sense
* the sense of body movement and position
* including the sense of balance
附件资料：
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