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14-压力与健康.ppt
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    Myers' PSYCHOLOGY

    Chapter 14

    Stress and Health

    Stress and Health

    * Behavioral Medicine

    * interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

    * Health Psychology

    * subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

    Stress and Illness

    * Leading causes of death in the US in 1900 and 2000

    Stress and Illness

    * Stress

    * the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

    Stress Appraisal

    Stress and Illness

    * General Adaptation Syndrome

    * Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages

    Stressful Life Events

    * Catastrophic Events

    * earthquakes, combat stress, floods

    * Life Changes

    * death of a loved one, divorce, loss of job, promotion

    * Daily Hassles

    * rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout

    Stressful Life Events

    * Chronic Stress by Age

    Perceived Control

    * Health consequences of a loss of control

    Perceived Control

    * Equality and Longevity

    Stress and the Heart

    * Coronary Heart Disease

    * clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle

    * leading cause of death inmany developed countries

    Stress and the Heart

    Stress and the Heart

    * Type A

    * Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

    * Type B

    * Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

    Stress and the Heart

    Stress and Disease

    * Psychophysiological Illness

    * "mind-body" illness

    * any stress-related physical illness

    * some forms of hypertension

    * some headaches

    * distinct from hypochondriasis-- misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

    Stress and Disease

    * Lymphocytes

    * two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system

    * B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

    * T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

    Stress and Disease

    * Conditioning of immune suppression

    Stress and Disease

    * Negative emotions and health-related consequences

    Promoting Health

    * Aerobic Exercise

    * sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness

    Promoting Health

    * Biofeedback

    * system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state

    * blood pressure

    * muscle tension

    Promoting Health

    * Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence of heart attacks

    Promoting Health

    * Social support across the life span

    Promoting Health

    * Predictors of mortality

    Promoting Health

    * Religious Attendance

    Promoting Health

    * The religion factor is mulitidimensional

    Promoting Health

    * Complementary and Alternative Medicine

    * unproven health care treatments not taught widely in medical schools, not used in hospitals, and not usually reimbursed by insurance companies

    Promoting Health

    * Smoking-related early deaths

    Promoting Health

    * Fewer Canadian smokers

    Smoking Prevention

    * U.S. teen smoking

    Smoking Prevention

    * Results of a smoking inoculation program

    Obesity and Weight Control

    * Obesity and body mass index

    Obesity and Weight Control

    * Obesity and mortality

    Weight Discrimination

    * When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire

    Weight Control

    * Effects of a severe diet

    Weight Control

    * Trading risks

    Weight Control

    * Thinning of Miss America

    Weight Control

    * Most lost weight is regained

    Weight Control

    * Obesity was more common among those who watched the most television