神经外科手术麻醉.ppt
http://www.100md.com
参见附件(849KB)。
神经外科手术麻醉
Anesthesia for neurosurgery
中南大学湘雅医院蔡宏伟
内 容
* 前言
* 麻醉对脑血流、脑代谢和颅内压的影响
* 颅内高压的常见原因和处理
* 麻醉前评估和准备
* 颅脑手术麻醉的注意事项
* 几种常见颅脑手术的麻醉处理
前言
* 生命中枢center of life
* 颅高压 intracranial hypertension
* 手术野小 small visual field for operation
* 血运丰富abundance of blood flow
麻醉对脑血流、脑代谢和颅内压的影响
* 生理学基础base on physiology
* 麻醉的影响effect of anesthesia
生理学基础
* 脑血流量50~80ml/100g.mincerebral blood flow
* 脑血流自动调节范围50~150mmHg autoregulation of cerebral blood flow
* 脑代谢3ml/100g.minmetabolism of cerebral tissue
* 颅内压 100~150mmH2O intracranial pressure
麻醉的影响
* 麻醉药的影响 effect of anesthetics
* 血管活性药的影响effect of vascular agents
麻醉药的影响
* 静脉麻醉药 intravenous anesthetics 减低脑血流和脑代谢氯胺酮增加脑血流和脑代谢
* 吸入麻醉药 增加脑血流、脑代谢和颅内压inhalational anesthetics
* 麻醉性镇痛药 芬太尼减低脑血流和脑代谢,其他无影响
* 肌松药 neuromuscular blocking agents
* 其他
颅内高压的常见原因和处理
* 常见原因 reason
* 症状 symptom
* 处理 treatment
颅内高压的常见原因
* 颅内占位性病变
* 脑体积增加
* 脑血流量或静脉压增高
* 脑脊液分泌和吸收失调
* 其他缺氧、二氧化碳蓄积
颅高压症状
* 头痛、恶心、视神经水肿
* 神志改变
* 瞳孔扩大
* 心动过缓、呼吸变慢
颅高压的处理
* 利尿剂和液体控制 management of patients with fluid
* 皮质激素 corticosteroid
* 降低脑温 cerebral hypothermia
* 过度通气 hyperventilation
* 脑血管收缩药 cerebral vasocontrictor
* 其他
麻醉前评估和准备
* 术前估计
* 麻醉方案的确定
* 麻醉药和麻醉方法
术前估计
* 神经系统检查
* 水电解质
* 全身状况
* 术前用药
麻醉方案的确定
* 病变部位
* 病人情况
* 手术难度
麻醉药和麻醉方法
* 效果好、镇痛完善
* 能降低颅内压、脑代谢
* 诱导和苏醒快
* 对呼吸和循环影响小
颅脑手术麻醉的注意事项
* 控制颅内压
* 呼吸管理
* 输液输血
* 监测
* 其他低温、控制性降压、苏醒期监护
常见颅脑手术的麻醉
* 颅脑损伤手术的麻醉
* 后颅凹手术的麻醉
* 脑血管手术的麻醉
* 垂体瘤手术的麻醉
* 脑膜瘤手术的麻醉
脊髓手术的麻醉
* 常有脊髓或神经根损害表现
* 保护脊髓和神经根
* 脊髓功能监测
KEY CONCEPTS
* In the preoperative management of patients with mass lesions,computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans should be reviewed for evidence of brain edema, a midline shift greater than 0.5 cm, and ventricular size
* Intracranial compliance can be improved by osmotic diuresis, steroids, or removal of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via a ventriculostomy immediately prior to induction. The goal is to induce anesthesia and intubate the trachea in a slow, controlled fashion without increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) or compromising cerebral blood flow (CBF)
* Operations in the posterior fossa can injury vital circulatory and respiratory brainstem centers as well as cranial nerves or their nuclei
* In patients with head trauma, correction of hypotension and control of any bleeding take precedence over radiographic studies and definitive neurosurgical treatment because systolic arterial blood pressures of less than 80 mm Hg correlate with a poor outcome
* Hyperventilation is avoided to prevent decreases in CSF, especially in patients with vasospasm
神经外科手术麻醉
Anesthesia for neurosurgery
中南大学湘雅医院蔡宏伟
内 容
* 前言
* 麻醉对脑血流、脑代谢和颅内压的影响
* 颅内高压的常见原因和处理
* 麻醉前评估和准备
* 颅脑手术麻醉的注意事项
* 几种常见颅脑手术的麻醉处理
前言
* 生命中枢center of life
* 颅高压 intracranial hypertension
* 手术野小 small visual field for operation
* 血运丰富abundance of blood flow
麻醉对脑血流、脑代谢和颅内压的影响
* 生理学基础base on physiology
* 麻醉的影响effect of anesthesia
生理学基础
* 脑血流量50~80ml/100g.mincerebral blood flow
* 脑血流自动调节范围50~150mmHg autoregulation of cerebral blood flow
* 脑代谢3ml/100g.minmetabolism of cerebral tissue
* 颅内压 100~150mmH2O intracranial pressure
麻醉的影响
* 麻醉药的影响 effect of anesthetics
* 血管活性药的影响effect of vascular agents
麻醉药的影响
* 静脉麻醉药 intravenous anesthetics 减低脑血流和脑代谢氯胺酮增加脑血流和脑代谢
* 吸入麻醉药 增加脑血流、脑代谢和颅内压inhalational anesthetics
* 麻醉性镇痛药 芬太尼减低脑血流和脑代谢,其他无影响
* 肌松药 neuromuscular blocking agents
* 其他
颅内高压的常见原因和处理
* 常见原因 reason
* 症状 symptom
* 处理 treatment
颅内高压的常见原因
* 颅内占位性病变
* 脑体积增加
* 脑血流量或静脉压增高
* 脑脊液分泌和吸收失调
* 其他缺氧、二氧化碳蓄积
颅高压症状
* 头痛、恶心、视神经水肿
* 神志改变
* 瞳孔扩大
* 心动过缓、呼吸变慢
颅高压的处理
* 利尿剂和液体控制 management of patients with fluid
* 皮质激素 corticosteroid
* 降低脑温 cerebral hypothermia
* 过度通气 hyperventilation
* 脑血管收缩药 cerebral vasocontrictor
* 其他
麻醉前评估和准备
* 术前估计
* 麻醉方案的确定
* 麻醉药和麻醉方法
术前估计
* 神经系统检查
* 水电解质
* 全身状况
* 术前用药
麻醉方案的确定
* 病变部位
* 病人情况
* 手术难度
麻醉药和麻醉方法
* 效果好、镇痛完善
* 能降低颅内压、脑代谢
* 诱导和苏醒快
* 对呼吸和循环影响小
颅脑手术麻醉的注意事项
* 控制颅内压
* 呼吸管理
* 输液输血
* 监测
* 其他低温、控制性降压、苏醒期监护
常见颅脑手术的麻醉
* 颅脑损伤手术的麻醉
* 后颅凹手术的麻醉
* 脑血管手术的麻醉
* 垂体瘤手术的麻醉
* 脑膜瘤手术的麻醉
脊髓手术的麻醉
* 常有脊髓或神经根损害表现
* 保护脊髓和神经根
* 脊髓功能监测
KEY CONCEPTS
* In the preoperative management of patients with mass lesions,computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans should be reviewed for evidence of brain edema, a midline shift greater than 0.5 cm, and ventricular size
* Intracranial compliance can be improved by osmotic diuresis, steroids, or removal of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via a ventriculostomy immediately prior to induction. The goal is to induce anesthesia and intubate the trachea in a slow, controlled fashion without increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) or compromising cerebral blood flow (CBF)
* Operations in the posterior fossa can injury vital circulatory and respiratory brainstem centers as well as cranial nerves or their nuclei
* In patients with head trauma, correction of hypotension and control of any bleeding take precedence over radiographic studies and definitive neurosurgical treatment because systolic arterial blood pressures of less than 80 mm Hg correlate with a poor outcome
* Hyperventilation is avoided to prevent decreases in CSF, especially in patients with vasospasm
附件资料:
相关资料1: