07~给药（一）.ppt
http://www.100md.com
参见附件(630KB)。
给药
(一)
中国医科大学护理学院
王健
Medications
(one)
A medication is a substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment, mitigation (relief), or prevention of disease. In the health care context, the words medication and drug are generally used interchangeably. The term drug also has the connotation of an illicitly obtained substance such as heroin, cocaine, or amphetamines.
In the United States and Canada, medications are usually dispensed on the order of physicians and dentists. In some US states, specially qualified nurse-practitioners and physician's assistants may prescribe drugs. The written direction for the preparation and administration of a drug is called a prescription.
One drug can have as many as four kinds of names: its generic name, official name, chemical name, and trademark or brand name. The generic name is given before a drug becomes official. The official name is the name under which it is listed in one of the official publications (eg, the United States Pharmacopeia).
The chemical name is the name by which a chemist knows it; this name describes the constituents of the drug precisely. The trademark, or brand name, is the name given by the drug manufacturer. Because one drug may be manufactured by several companies, it can have several trade names.
Medications are often available in a variety of forms. They are aerosol spray or foam, aqueous solution, aqueous suspension, caplet, capsule, cream, elixir, extract, gel or jelly, liniment, lotion, lozenge(troche), ointment (salve, unction), paste, pill, powder, suppository, syrup, tablet, tincture, transdermal patch.
Pharmacology is the study of the effect of drugs on living organisms. Pharmacy is the art of preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs. The word also refers to the place where drugs are prepared and dispensed. Drugs are prepared by a pharmacist, a person licensed to prepare and dispense drugs and to make up prescriptions.
A clinical pharmacist is a specialist who often guides the physician in prescribing drugs. A pharmacy technician is a member of the health team who in some states administers drugs to clients.
DRUG STANDARDS
?Drugs may have natural (eg, plant, mineral, and animal) sources or they may be synthesized in the laboratory.For example, digitalis and opium are plant derived, iron and sodium chloride are minerals, insulin and vaccines have animal or human sources, and the sulfonamides and propoxyphene hydrochloride (the analgesic Darvon) are the products of laboratory synthesis.
?Drugs vary in strength and activity. Drugs derived from plants, for example, vary in strength according to the age of the plant, the variety, the place in which it is grown, and the method by which it is preserved. Drugs must be pure and of uniform strength if drug dosages are to be predictable in their effect.
?Drug standards have therefore been developed to ensure uniform quality. In the United States, official drugs are those so designated by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. These drugs are officially listed in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and described according to their source, physical and chemical properties, tests for purity and identity, method of storage, assay, category, and normal dosages.
?A Pharmacopoeia (also spelled pharmacopeia) is a book containing a list of products used in medicine, with descriptions of the product, chemical tests for determining identity and purity, and formulas and prescriptions. The United States' National Formulary lists drugs and their therapeutic value and can include drugs that may still be used but not listed in the USP.
?Pharmacopoeias and formularies are invaluable reference sources for nurses and nursing students. Nurses not only administer thousands of medications but also are responsible for assessing their effectiveness and recognizing unfavorable reactions to drugs. Since it is impossible to commit to memory all pertinent information about a very large number of drugs, nurses must have a reliable reference readily available.
LEGAL ASPECTS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
? The administration of drugs in both the United States and Canada is controlled by law.
Nurses need to (a) know how nursing practice acts in their areas define and limit their functions and (b) be able to recognize the limits of their own knowledge and skill. To function beyond the limits of nursing practice acts or one's ability is to endanger clients' lives and leave oneself open to malpractice suits.
?Under the law, nurses are responsible for their own actions regardless of whether there is a written order. If a physician writes an incorrect order (eg, Demerol 500 mg instead of Demerol 50 mg), a nurse who administers the written incorrect dosage is responsible for the error. Therefore, nurses should question any order that appears unreasonable and refuse to give the medication until the order is clarified.
?Another aspect of nursing practice governed by law is the use of controlled substances. In hospitals, controlled substances are kept in a locked drawer, cupboard, medication cart, or computer-controlled dispensing system. Agencies have special forms for recording the use of controlled substances.
?The information required usually includes the name of the client, the date and time of administration, the name of the drug, the dosage, and the signature of the person who prepared and gave the drug. The name of the physician who ordered the drug may also be part of the record.
?Included on the record are the controlled substances wasted during preparation. In most agencies, counts of controlled substances are taken at the end of each shift. The count total should tally with the total at the end of the last shift minus the number used. If the totals do not tally, the discrepancy must be reported immediately. In facilities that use a computerized dispensing system, manual counts are not required, because the dispensing system runs a continuous count; however, discrepancies must be accounted for.......（后略) ......
给药
(一)
中国医科大学护理学院
王健
Medications
(one)
A medication is a substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment, mitigation (relief), or prevention of disease. In the health care context, the words medication and drug are generally used interchangeably. The term drug also has the connotation of an illicitly obtained substance such as heroin, cocaine, or amphetamines.
In the United States and Canada, medications are usually dispensed on the order of physicians and dentists. In some US states, specially qualified nurse-practitioners and physician's assistants may prescribe drugs. The written direction for the preparation and administration of a drug is called a prescription.
One drug can have as many as four kinds of names: its generic name, official name, chemical name, and trademark or brand name. The generic name is given before a drug becomes official. The official name is the name under which it is listed in one of the official publications (eg, the United States Pharmacopeia).
The chemical name is the name by which a chemist knows it; this name describes the constituents of the drug precisely. The trademark, or brand name, is the name given by the drug manufacturer. Because one drug may be manufactured by several companies, it can have several trade names.
Medications are often available in a variety of forms. They are aerosol spray or foam, aqueous solution, aqueous suspension, caplet, capsule, cream, elixir, extract, gel or jelly, liniment, lotion, lozenge(troche), ointment (salve, unction), paste, pill, powder, suppository, syrup, tablet, tincture, transdermal patch.
Pharmacology is the study of the effect of drugs on living organisms. Pharmacy is the art of preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs. The word also refers to the place where drugs are prepared and dispensed. Drugs are prepared by a pharmacist, a person licensed to prepare and dispense drugs and to make up prescriptions.
A clinical pharmacist is a specialist who often guides the physician in prescribing drugs. A pharmacy technician is a member of the health team who in some states administers drugs to clients.
DRUG STANDARDS
?Drugs may have natural (eg, plant, mineral, and animal) sources or they may be synthesized in the laboratory.For example, digitalis and opium are plant derived, iron and sodium chloride are minerals, insulin and vaccines have animal or human sources, and the sulfonamides and propoxyphene hydrochloride (the analgesic Darvon) are the products of laboratory synthesis.
?Drugs vary in strength and activity. Drugs derived from plants, for example, vary in strength according to the age of the plant, the variety, the place in which it is grown, and the method by which it is preserved. Drugs must be pure and of uniform strength if drug dosages are to be predictable in their effect.
?Drug standards have therefore been developed to ensure uniform quality. In the United States, official drugs are those so designated by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. These drugs are officially listed in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and described according to their source, physical and chemical properties, tests for purity and identity, method of storage, assay, category, and normal dosages.
?A Pharmacopoeia (also spelled pharmacopeia) is a book containing a list of products used in medicine, with descriptions of the product, chemical tests for determining identity and purity, and formulas and prescriptions. The United States' National Formulary lists drugs and their therapeutic value and can include drugs that may still be used but not listed in the USP.
?Pharmacopoeias and formularies are invaluable reference sources for nurses and nursing students. Nurses not only administer thousands of medications but also are responsible for assessing their effectiveness and recognizing unfavorable reactions to drugs. Since it is impossible to commit to memory all pertinent information about a very large number of drugs, nurses must have a reliable reference readily available.
LEGAL ASPECTS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
? The administration of drugs in both the United States and Canada is controlled by law.
Nurses need to (a) know how nursing practice acts in their areas define and limit their functions and (b) be able to recognize the limits of their own knowledge and skill. To function beyond the limits of nursing practice acts or one's ability is to endanger clients' lives and leave oneself open to malpractice suits.
?Under the law, nurses are responsible for their own actions regardless of whether there is a written order. If a physician writes an incorrect order (eg, Demerol 500 mg instead of Demerol 50 mg), a nurse who administers the written incorrect dosage is responsible for the error. Therefore, nurses should question any order that appears unreasonable and refuse to give the medication until the order is clarified.
?Another aspect of nursing practice governed by law is the use of controlled substances. In hospitals, controlled substances are kept in a locked drawer, cupboard, medication cart, or computer-controlled dispensing system. Agencies have special forms for recording the use of controlled substances.
?The information required usually includes the name of the client, the date and time of administration, the name of the drug, the dosage, and the signature of the person who prepared and gave the drug. The name of the physician who ordered the drug may also be part of the record.
?Included on the record are the controlled substances wasted during preparation. In most agencies, counts of controlled substances are taken at the end of each shift. The count total should tally with the total at the end of the last shift minus the number used. If the totals do not tally, the discrepancy must be reported immediately. In facilities that use a computerized dispensing system, manual counts are not required, because the dispensing system runs a continuous count; however, discrepancies must be accounted for.......（后略) ......
附件资料：