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07-意识状态.ppt
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    Myers' PSYCHOLOGY

    Chapter 7

    States of Consciousness

    Waking Consciousness

    * Consciousness

    * our awareness of ourselves and our environments

    Sleep and Dreams

    * Biological Rhythms

    * periodic physiological fluctuations

    * Circadian Rhythm

    * the biological clock

    * regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle, such as of wakefulness and body temperature

    Premenstrual Syndrome

    Sleep and Dreams

    * REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep

    * recurring sleep stage

    * vivid dreams

    * "paradoxical sleep"

    * muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active

    * Sleep

    * periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

    Sleep and Dreams

    * Measuring sleep activity

    Brain Waves and Sleep Stages

    * Alpha Waves

    * slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain

    * Delta Waves

    * large, slow waves of deep sleep

    * Hallucinations

    * false sensory experiences

    Stages in a Typical Night's Sleep

    Stages in a Typical Night's Sleep

    Sleep Deprivation

    * Effects of Sleep Loss

    * fatigue

    * impaired concentration

    * depressed immune system

    * greater vulnerability to accidents

    Sleep Deprivation

    Sleep Disorders

    * Insomnia

    * persistent problems in falling or staying asleep

    * Narcolepsy

    * uncontrollable sleep attacks

    * Sleep Apnea

    * temporary cessation of breathing

    * momentary reawakenings

    Night Terrors and Nightmares

    * Night Terrors

    * occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4

    * high arousal-- appearance of being terrified

    Dreams: Freud

    * Dreams

    * sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind

    * hallucinatory imagery

    * discontinuities

    * incongruities

    * delusional acceptance of the content

    * difficulties remembering

    Dreams: Freud

    * Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)

    * wish fulfillment

    * discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings

    * Manifest Content

    * remembered story line

    * Latent Content

    * underlying meaning

    Dreams

    * As Information Processing

    * helps facilitate memories

    * REM Rebound

    * REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

    Sleep Across the Lifespan

    Hypnosis

    * Hypnosis

    * a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

    * Posthypnotic Amnesia

    * supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis

    * induced by the hypnotist's suggestion

    Hypnosis

    * Unhypnotized persons can also do this

    Hypnosis

    * Orne & Evans (1965)

    * control group instructed to "pretend"

    * unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones

    * Posthypnotic Suggestion

    * suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized

    * used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

    Hypnosis

    * Dissociation

    * a split in consciousness

    * allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

    * Hidden Observer

    * Hilgard's term describing a hypnotized subject's awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

    Explaining Hypnosis

    Drugs and Consciousness

    * Psychoactive Drug

    * a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood

    * Physical Dependence

    * physiological need for a drug

    * marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

    * Psychological Dependence

    * a psychological need to use a drug

    * for example, to relieve negative emotions

    Dependence and Addiction

    * Tolerance

    * diminishing effect with regular use

    * Withdrawal

    * discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use

    Psychoactive Drugs

    * Depressants

    * drugs that reduce neural activity

    * slow body functions

    * alcohol, barbiturates, opiates

    * Stimulants

    * drugs that excite neural activity

    * speed up body functions

    * caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

    Psychoactive Drugs

    * Hallucinogens

    * psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

    * LSD

    Psychoactive Drugs

    * Barbiturates

    * drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

    Psychoactive Drugs

    * Opiates

    * opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)

    * opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

    Psychoactive Drugs

    * Amphetamines

    * drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

    Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

    Psychoactive Drugs

    * Ecstasy (MDMA)

    * synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen

    * both short-term and long-term health risks

    * LSD

    * lysergic acid diethylamide

    * a powerful hallucinogenic drug

    * also known as acid

    * THC

    * the major active ingredient in marijuana

    * triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

    Psychoactive Drugs

    Trends in Drug Use

    Perceived Marijuana Risk

    Near-Death Experiences

    * Near-Death Experience

    * an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death

    * often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

    Near-Death Experiences

    * Dualism

    * the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

    * Monism

    * the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing