神经生物学ppt课件:2_1神经元和神经胶质细胞-神经元.ppt
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参见附件(2687KB)。
? Neurons: Excitable cells - "wiring""Signal Senders"
? Neuroglia: Support, Nurturing, Insulation
? Cell body (soma; perikaryon)
? Axon : only one (branches are collaterals; terminals are end feet)
? Dendrites : much shorter; one or more than one; branch extensively into dendritic trees
? Cell Body (Soma): Life Support
- Protein Synthesis
- Single Nucleus, RER (Nissl Bodies)
? Axon: Longest process transmits messages away from cell body
? Dendrites: Multiple processes off cell body - receive messages
Neurons are similar to other cells in the body in some ways such as:
1. Neurons are surrounded by a membrane.
2. Neurons have a nucleus that contains genes.
3. Neurons contain :
? Dendrites :
- dendrite tree
? Axon :
- axon hillock (axon origination)
- axonal transport system
- initial segment (first myelin sheath)
? action potential generation
- myelin sheath
- Sensory neuron
? from receptor to CNS; receive stimuli and transmit afferent impulses to CNS
- Interneurons
? communicating between neurons; form circuits in the CNS
- Motor neuron
? from CNS to effector cells;deliver efferent impulses out through the PNS to the effectors to carry out the actions directed by the CNS
? EXCITABLE Membrane: Able to regulate the movement of ions (charges) across and along membrane SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
? DO NOT Replicate: Damaged cells cannot be replaced!
? Impulse transmission :
- electrical
- chemical
? Morphology :
- axodendritic
- axonsomatic
- axoaxonic
- dendrodendritic
Vesicles release Neurotransmitters
? Chemical synapse :
- presynaptic knob (presynaptic component)
? synaptic vesicles
- synaptic cleft
- postsynaptic membrane (postsynaptic component)
? Electrical synapse :
- gap junctions
?Small Molecule Neurotransmitter Substances
Acetylcholine (ACh); Dopamine (DA); Norepinephrine (NE); Serotonin (5-HT); Histamine
?Amino Acids
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); Glycine; Glutamate; Aspartate
? Neuroactive Peptides - partial list!!
Bradykinin; beta-endorphin; calcitonin; cholecystokinin; enkephalin; dynorphin; insulin; gastrin; substance P; glucagon; secretin; vasopressin; oxytocin, etc.
? Axonal transport :
- intracellular communication
? Bidirectional mechanism :
- anterograde transport
- retrograde transport
? Classified by transport rates :
- slow transport system (0.2 to 1 mm/day)
- fast transport system (200 to 400 mm/day)
1. Neurons have specialized projections called dendrites and axons. Dendrites take information to the cell body and axons take information away from the cell body
2. Neurons communicate with each other through an electrochemical process
3. Neurons contain some specialized structures (like synapses) and chemicals (like neurotransmitters)
4. Nissl Bodies
5. DO NOT Replicate: Damaged cells cannot be replaced!
? Neurons: Excitable cells - "wiring""Signal Senders"
? Neuroglia: Support, Nurturing, Insulation
? Cell body (soma; perikaryon)
? Axon : only one (branches are collaterals; terminals are end feet)
? Dendrites : much shorter; one or more than one; branch extensively into dendritic trees
? Cell Body (Soma): Life Support
- Protein Synthesis
- Single Nucleus, RER (Nissl Bodies)
? Axon: Longest process transmits messages away from cell body
? Dendrites: Multiple processes off cell body - receive messages
Neurons are similar to other cells in the body in some ways such as:
1. Neurons are surrounded by a membrane.
2. Neurons have a nucleus that contains genes.
3. Neurons contain :
? Dendrites :
- dendrite tree
? Axon :
- axon hillock (axon origination)
- axonal transport system
- initial segment (first myelin sheath)
? action potential generation
- myelin sheath
- Sensory neuron
? from receptor to CNS; receive stimuli and transmit afferent impulses to CNS
- Interneurons
? communicating between neurons; form circuits in the CNS
- Motor neuron
? from CNS to effector cells;deliver efferent impulses out through the PNS to the effectors to carry out the actions directed by the CNS
? EXCITABLE Membrane: Able to regulate the movement of ions (charges) across and along membrane SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
? DO NOT Replicate: Damaged cells cannot be replaced!
? Impulse transmission :
- electrical
- chemical
? Morphology :
- axodendritic
- axonsomatic
- axoaxonic
- dendrodendritic
Vesicles release Neurotransmitters
? Chemical synapse :
- presynaptic knob (presynaptic component)
? synaptic vesicles
- synaptic cleft
- postsynaptic membrane (postsynaptic component)
? Electrical synapse :
- gap junctions
?Small Molecule Neurotransmitter Substances
Acetylcholine (ACh); Dopamine (DA); Norepinephrine (NE); Serotonin (5-HT); Histamine
?Amino Acids
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); Glycine; Glutamate; Aspartate
? Neuroactive Peptides - partial list!!
Bradykinin; beta-endorphin; calcitonin; cholecystokinin; enkephalin; dynorphin; insulin; gastrin; substance P; glucagon; secretin; vasopressin; oxytocin, etc.
? Axonal transport :
- intracellular communication
? Bidirectional mechanism :
- anterograde transport
- retrograde transport
? Classified by transport rates :
- slow transport system (0.2 to 1 mm/day)
- fast transport system (200 to 400 mm/day)
1. Neurons have specialized projections called dendrites and axons. Dendrites take information to the cell body and axons take information away from the cell body
2. Neurons communicate with each other through an electrochemical process
3. Neurons contain some specialized structures (like synapses) and chemicals (like neurotransmitters)
4. Nissl Bodies
5. DO NOT Replicate: Damaged cells cannot be replaced!
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