11-智力.ppt
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Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 11
Intelligence
Origins of Intelligence Testing
* Intelligence Test
* a method of assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
Origins of Intelligence Testing
* Mental Age
* a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet
* chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
* child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
Origins of Intelligence Testing
* Stanford-Binet
* the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test
* revised by Terman at Stanford University
Origins of Intelligence Testing
* Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
* defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100
* IQ = ma/ca x 100)
* on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
What is Intelligence?
* Intelligence
* ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
What is Intelligence?
* Factor Analysis
* statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test
* used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score
* General Intelligence (g)
* factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities
* measured by every task on an intelligence test
Are There Multiple Intelligences?
* Savant Syndrome
* condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
* computation
* drawing
Are There Multiple Intelligences?
* Social Intelligence
* the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
* Emotional Intelligence
* ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
Intelligence and Creativity
* Creativity
* the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
* expertise
* imaginative thinking skills
* venturesome personality
* intrinsic motivation
* creative environment
Brain Function and Intelligence
* People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests
Assessing Intelligence
* Aptitude Test
* a test designed to predict a person's future performance
* aptitude is the capacity to learn
* Achievement Test
* a test designed to assess what a person has learned
Assessing Intelligence
* Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
* most widely used intelligence test
* subtests
* verbal
* performance (nonverbal)
Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS
Assessing Intelligence
* Standardization
* defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested "standardization group"
* Normal Curve
* the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
* most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
The Normal Curve
Getting Smarter?
Assessing Intelligence
* Reliability
* the extent to which a test yields consistent results
* assessed by consistency of scores on:
* two halves of the test
* alternate forms of the test
* retesting
* Validity
* the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Assessing Intelligence
* Content Validity
* the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
* driving test that samples driving tasks
* Criterion
* behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict
* the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity
Assessing Intelligence
* Predictive Validity
* success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
* assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
* also called criterion-related validity
Assessing Intelligence
* As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes
The Dynamics of Intelligence
* Mental Retardation
* a condition of limited mental ability
* indicated by an intelligence score below 70
* produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life
* varies from mild to profound
* Down Syndrome
* retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup
The Dynamics of Intelligence
Genetic Influences
* The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
Genetic Influences
* Heritability
* the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
* variability depends on range of populations and environments studied
Genetic Influences
EnvironmentalInfluences
* The Schooling Effect
Group Differences
* Group differences and environmental impact
Group Differences
* The Mental Rotation Test
Group Differences
* Stereotype Threat
* A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 11
Intelligence
Origins of Intelligence Testing
* Intelligence Test
* a method of assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
Origins of Intelligence Testing
* Mental Age
* a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet
* chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
* child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
Origins of Intelligence Testing
* Stanford-Binet
* the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test
* revised by Terman at Stanford University
Origins of Intelligence Testing
* Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
* defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100
* IQ = ma/ca x 100)
* on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
What is Intelligence?
* Intelligence
* ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
What is Intelligence?
* Factor Analysis
* statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test
* used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score
* General Intelligence (g)
* factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities
* measured by every task on an intelligence test
Are There Multiple Intelligences?
* Savant Syndrome
* condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
* computation
* drawing
Are There Multiple Intelligences?
* Social Intelligence
* the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
* Emotional Intelligence
* ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
Intelligence and Creativity
* Creativity
* the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
* expertise
* imaginative thinking skills
* venturesome personality
* intrinsic motivation
* creative environment
Brain Function and Intelligence
* People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests
Assessing Intelligence
* Aptitude Test
* a test designed to predict a person's future performance
* aptitude is the capacity to learn
* Achievement Test
* a test designed to assess what a person has learned
Assessing Intelligence
* Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
* most widely used intelligence test
* subtests
* verbal
* performance (nonverbal)
Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS
Assessing Intelligence
* Standardization
* defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested "standardization group"
* Normal Curve
* the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
* most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
The Normal Curve
Getting Smarter?
Assessing Intelligence
* Reliability
* the extent to which a test yields consistent results
* assessed by consistency of scores on:
* two halves of the test
* alternate forms of the test
* retesting
* Validity
* the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Assessing Intelligence
* Content Validity
* the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
* driving test that samples driving tasks
* Criterion
* behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict
* the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity
Assessing Intelligence
* Predictive Validity
* success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
* assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
* also called criterion-related validity
Assessing Intelligence
* As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes
The Dynamics of Intelligence
* Mental Retardation
* a condition of limited mental ability
* indicated by an intelligence score below 70
* produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life
* varies from mild to profound
* Down Syndrome
* retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup
The Dynamics of Intelligence
Genetic Influences
* The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
Genetic Influences
* Heritability
* the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
* variability depends on range of populations and environments studied
Genetic Influences
EnvironmentalInfluences
* The Schooling Effect
Group Differences
* Group differences and environmental impact
Group Differences
* The Mental Rotation Test
Group Differences
* Stereotype Threat
* A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
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